---

In the first experiment, twelve species of the most plentiful and fresh seaweeds and one species of seagrass from the beach were collected at Kingston, South Australia. All species were then separately sun-and oven-dried and ground. The ground samples were analysed for dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibers, ether extract and digestibility in vitro. The digestible and metabolisable energy of the samples were estimated by calculation. The results showed that all seaweeds and seagrasses contained a very high ash content, ranging from 19.5 - 40 per cent. The crude protein content of the samples was low and ranged from 4.4 - 7.3 per cent. The crude fiber in seagrass was considerably greater than in seaweed species (34.4 % vs 3.7 -10.1 %). The dry matter digestibility of samples ranged from 34.1 to 51.5, while the data also showed that the values for digestible and metabolisable energy of aquatic plants were very low as compared with lucerne (the control). From the first experiment it was concluded that, amongst marine plants available in South Australia, the seagrass Posidonia australis, because of its ready availability in great quantities and the environmental problems for residents, may be regarded as a potential alternative animal feedstuff. In the second experiment, samples of four different physical forms of seagrass, Posidonia australis green and fresh (from the water, and washed and un-washed from on the beach) were examined and compared for their chemical composition, including nonstarch-polysaccharides, uronic acids, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin, amino acids, crude protein, tannin, ether extract, soluble and insoluble ash. The results from this experiment showed that there were no significant differences between the four different physical forms of seagrass collected in terms of their most important chemical constituents.

---

Introduction
Coastal and marine tourism represents a significant potential for sustainable regional development. Globally, this sector contributes over 10% of GDP and employment. Iran's extensive coastlines, especially the Makran coasts along the Gulf of Oman, offer unique opportunities for eco-tourism, water sports, and marine exploration. Despite these potentials, the region lacks a structured strategy for leveraging these resources, resulting in underdeveloped tourism infrastructure and minimal local economic benefits. This study focuses on formulating defensive strategies to address these shortcomings and foster sustainable tourism in the Makran region.
Methodology
This applied research employs a mixed-method approach combining library and field findings. Literature reviews identify key tourism components and regional challenges. Field data are gathered through interviews with stakeholders in tourism and regional development. Analytical tools such as SWOT and SFAS matrices are used to assess internal and external factors, determining the region's current weaknesses and threats. Based on this, defensive strategies are proposed to enhance regional tourism while mitigating the risks.
Results and Discussion
The analysis revealed that the Makran region suffers from significant weaknesses in internal infrastructure and management, coupled with external threats such as geopolitical competition and limited international investments. Here are some defensive strategies emphasizing:

1. Infrastructure Development: Investments in transport, healthcare, and accommodations to support tourism growth.
2. Diplomatic Engagement: Promoting international partnerships and combating negative perceptions of the region.
3. Community Engagement: Empowering local communities to participate in and benefit from tourism development.
4. Marketing Campaigns: Highlighting Makran’s natural and cultural assets through global outreach and multilingual promotional materials.

Conclusion
The defensive strategy outlined aims to transform the Makran coasts into a thriving hub of coastal and marine tourism while preserving environmental integrity and enhancing local livelihoods. Strategic implementation of these recommendations is expected to boost regional competitiveness and integrate Makran into the global tourism map.
 

---

Aims: Sargassum bovianum, Polycladia myrica, and Gracilariopsis persica can be used in aquatic diets due to their significant biomass and mass production capacity for artificial rearing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marine macroalgae on growth performance and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings.
Materials & Methods: The present experimental study was carried out on 210 rainbow trout fingerlings, which were randomly selected and cultured in Aquatic Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, in 2016. These fingerlings were placed in 7 experimental treatments, including a diet without marine macroalgae (control) and by replacing different marine macroalgae powder levels of 5% and 10% with wheat flour. Lindo 5.3 software was used to analyze food items and SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data.
Findings: The lowest weight gain, the lowest growth factor, the lowest protein efficiency ratio, and the highest feed conversion ratio were in the treatment containing 10% Sargassum bovianum powder and it had a significant difference with other treatments. Condition factor (CF) was at the highest level in control treatment and no significant difference was observed between treatments. There was no significant difference in survival of different treatments. The highest level of serum lysozyme was in the treatment containing 5% Gracilariopsis persica powder and the highest serum hemolytic complement activity was in the treatment containing 5% Sargassum bovianum.
Conclusion: Gracilariopsis persica, Sargassum bovianum, and Polycladia myrica have no effect on the improvement of growth performance in rainbow trout fingerlings, Gracilariopsis persica and Sargassum bovianum have an impact on their immune response.

---

Marine organisms are one of the valuable resource of pharmaceutical. In the last decade, the commercial value of these organisms and the use of compounds derived from them in biological research and drug development, have made them as an important new source for anti-cancer drugs. Microtubules are one of important drug targets in cancer cells therapy and their related inhibitors are being developed widely. In this study the structure of more than 3,000 compounds that contributed marine organism were constructed and optimized by ChemAxon. The affinity of compounds into colchicine/epothilone binding sites in αβ-tubulin structure, was examined using structure-based virtual screening (docking). Results of docking studies were shown that some compounds have high and better binding affinity than colchicine and epothilone inhibitors. MNP14107 and MNP0565 compounds have high affinity for the colchicine and epothilone binding sites respectively. We propose the MNP14107 and MNP0565 compounds as new and the best candidates for the inhibition of tubulin.

---

---

Introduction: Fish consumption is increasing due to the global population growth. Therefore, taking advantage of new methods such as marine aquaculture can be a reliable source for the production of fish in the world. The purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of marine aquaculture farms in the coasts of Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: In this study, three categories of criteria (water quality, economic-social and physical-environmental) were considered for spatial analysis of aquaculture farms in the coasts of Mazandaran, which are based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) and hierarchical analysis process (AHP), is used according to the definition of the decision law, and at the end, the existing aquaculture farms (9 farms) are analyzed using the Extract function.
Results and discussion: The results show that the location of the present farms can be transferred to more favorable areas with less risk. Among the existing farms, farms 1 and 2, located on the coasts of Joibar and Babolsar, have the most suitable condition and the highest amount of desirability. Also, the results of weighting between the three groups of water quality parameters show physical and socio-economic; Due to the importance of temperature, turbidity and chlorophyll criteria in marine aquaculture, water quality group has more weight than other groups (0.4034) and then the group of physical factors (0.3808) than social factors. (0.2168) more weight is given.
Conclusion: The findings of this study show the ability of GIS as well as satellite imagery to locate and evaluate marine aquaculture.

---

---

In a marine environment, the biofilm formed on the submerged surfaces leads to fouling of larger organisms. This leads to many environmental and economic problems for the marine industries. Due to the harmful effects of chemical antifouling, the development of environmentally friendly anti-biofilm strategies can be an important step to control fouling.
Therefore, the present study was performed with the aim of isolation of biofilm-forming bacteria from Persian Gulf waters and investigating the antimicrobial effect of thymol against selected bacteria.82 bacterial were isolated and their ability to form biofilm was measured. Among these, 5 isolates were selected and identified using 16S rRNA sequences. The results showed that the 5 selected isolates belonged to the Proteobacteria (genus Vibrio, Kangiella and Psudoaltromonas). In the study of the antibacterial effect of thymol, K. spongicola (PH1) showed the highest sensitivity in disk diffusion method (with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 18 ± 0.57 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (at 31.5 and 62.5 μg /ml, respectively) were obtained against the same bacterium. The inhibitory thymol on biofilm formation and performed biofilm by Psudoaltromonas sp. (PH18) showed that thymol at concentrations sub-MIC is able to inhibit biofilm formation. The effect of thymol on the performed biofilm at concentrations higher than MIC is noticeable. Based on the results, due to the anti-biofilm activity of thymol against marine bacteria, its use as a natural compound in antifouling coatings can be suggested.

---

  The main aspect of this research study is investigation on scour phenomenon around marine pipelines with respect to submerged impermeable plates beneath the pipe. So far, numerous investigations have been done but the main difference of this study with them is installation an impermeable base plate under the pipelines. Installing these impermeable plates mainly causes that the developed streamlines under the bed, located under the pipeline, are lengthened and accordingly the pressure gradient reduces across the pipe. Reduction of the pressure gradient may be considered an important issue since one of the most important criteria of establishing and progressing of scour under pipelines is the formation of piping phenomenon under the pipelines. This phenomenon is due to dominance of the pressure gradient on floating weight of the bed materials. For this research study, firstly scour phenomena under the pipelines were investigated both for unprotected pipelines and protected pipelines with submerged impermeable plates, with the piping phenomenon under the pipelines were being considered for both cases. The experiments were carried out in a channel with 10m length, 0.25m width and 0.5m depth. P.V.C. pipes with four diameters (i.e., 2cm, 3cm, 4cm and 5cm) and 0.5cm thickness were investigated. The bed materials were consisted of sediment particles with median size of 0.50 mm and geometric standard deviation of 1.43. The specific gravity of bed materials was 2.65. All experiments were run at clear water conditions. For each test the steady approach flow was adjusted so that the ratio of velocity to critical velocity was equal to about 0.85 on the centerline of the flume. A number of rectangular galvanized iron plates with 25cm in length, 0.7mm thickness and various dimensions of breadths were selected as countermeasure tools for scouring phenomenon. Then, the scour depth beneath two parallel pipelines with side by side arrangements and their interaction on scouring process were investigated. Finally, with installing impermeable base plates under the pipelines, the effect of these plates on scour phenomenon were studied for any arrangements of the parallel pipelines. The experimental results showed that installation a plate under the pipeline could prevent the formation of scour hole to some degrees and protect them from scour hazards. For all test cases of unprotected pipelines, the maximum dimensionless scour depth beneath the pipelines decreased when the pipe diameter increased. For side by side arrangement of two parallel pipelines, the formed scour depth decreased when the distance of pipelines increased. Then, for practical purposes, in order to reduce the maximum scour depth it is recommended that the distance of two parallel pipelines increases as far as possible or a submerged base plate may be used beneath the under pipeline. For all test cases of pipelines with impermeable base plates, the scour process will not further occur unless due to wake vortices

---

Samuel Taylor Coleridge is the most symbolic of all Romantic poets. Through his creative imagination, Coleridge creates symbols that disguise the philosophical ideas, and something fresh and unsullied out of the chaos of different images and associations. It is simply imagination that enables the romantic poet to present spiritually perceived things, and resolves his conflict by returning to “dynamic organicism.” In Coleridge’s masterpiece entitled The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the emphasis is placed on “negative romanticism” or the poet’s “period of doubt and despair” when he fails to perceive the truth, imaginatively. In isolation and with the help of imagination, the poet sees the benevolence of the universe and the beauty of all the creatures. Besides, he finds the potentiality to grasp the truth. What follows is an attempt to see to what extent the Mariner is symbolic of a romantic poet, or a true romantic poet according to Peckham. This study traces the different states the Mariner goes through changing from a negative romanticist to a positive one. The changes are accompanied by change in attitude towards the universe and unity with it. Furthermore, projections of Coleridge as a romantic poet, on his imaginatively created character help reveal more about the Mariner.

---

 In this experiment, a total of 128 Hy-line W₃₆ hens at 63 weeks of age were used. The hens were put at random into 4 treatment groups (4 replicates and 32 hens per treatment) and were fed four different diets: three diets with different levels of Spirulina (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%) and one control group based on wheat and soybean meal. All birds were housed in commercial cages, had ad libitum access to water, and were fed 100 g bird^-1 per day. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, yolk index, Haugh unit, shell thickness, shell weight, specific gravity, egg yolk cholesterol, and yolk color were compared with the control group. Egg yolk color was measured by the BASF Ovo-color fan. Our results indicated that these traits did not show any significant changes with the Spirulina addition (P> 0.05), while a significant increase in egg yolk color was observed in the treatments that received the Spirulina (P< 0.0001). Yolk color scores of the control group and different levels of Spirulina (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%) were 1.5, 10.5, 11.4 and 11.6 in BASF color fan, respectively. There were not significant differences between the treatments with 2.0 and 2.5% of Spirulina. In conclusion, this study can suggest use of 2.0~2.5% of Spirulina in diet to produce an aesthetically pleasing yolk color.

---

In present study, the wake flow field of a submarine model was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. These experiments were conducted in four different locations X/L= 0.85, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 downstream of the model at Reynolds number of 3.85×105 by a five hole probe. The effect of various factors such as the variation of Reynolds number, the installation of the trip strip on the model nose surface, the mounting of the appendages on the submarine bare hull model and the nose shape effect on the wake structure were investigated in this study. The results showed that the installation of the trip strip on the nose surface did not have recognizable effects. By Increasing the Reynolds number, the amount of the dropping velocity in the wake field decreased due to the decreasing of the separation region on the after-body section. Presentation of the appendages on the model surface lead to the increasing of the wake area. The effect of the nose shape on the wake of the submarine model is the main innovation in the present work. Investigations showed that the velocity in the central part of the wake for non-axisymmetric nose shape (TANGO) decreased in comparison with the axisymmetric nose shape (SUBOFF and STANDARD).

---

This paper presents a new approch in the design of output feedback control system based on disturbance observer for dynamic positioning vessels. The proposed control system includes a controller and a structure of a modified notch filter and a nonlinear observer. The filter is used for estimating low-frequency motions and removing the wave-frequency motions by using vessel position mesurement. The low-frequency disturbances and vessel-velocites are estimated in nonliner observer using the low-frequency vessel motion. In this structre, wave filtering and low-frequency motion estimation are independent from the estimation of low-frequency disturbances and vessel velocities. It causes to incease the accuracy of filtering and estimation which results in desirable performance of control system. Also, filtering is independent of the vessel and low frequency disturbances models, and therefore it is not affected by modeling uncertainty. The effect of wave filtering and low-frequency disturbances estimation in DP control system from the point of reducing control signal flactutions were evaluated with numerical simulation. This is important in view of reduction of wear and tear in propaltion system and fuel consumption in a surface vessel. Futhermore, simulation results show that the proposed method has better performances in comparision with conventional method.

---

This study was aimed at evaluating the flow behavior characteristics of yogurt enriched with fish oil (FO) microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation method. FO was microencapsulated in gelatin-acacia gum coacervates. Then, the microcapsules were dried, and yogurt was produced from the milk enriched with microcapsules powder. Rheological characteristics (as measured using a rotational viscometer) of yogurt were evaluated in the shear rate range of 0.262-7.86 s^-1 at 6˚C during 21 days of storage. Power Law model was used for calculation of consistency coefficient and flow behavior index of yogurt. As compared to the control, the enriched yogurt had higher apparent viscosity. Consistency coefficients of the enriched and the control yogurts were in the range of 24.42-28.82 and 15.31-17.76 Pa sⁿ, respectively. Yogurt samples showed a non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. Addition of FO microcapsules to yogurt may be useful for improving its health-promoting effect and consistency.

---

The flow field investigation around marine propellers is of great importance, due to its applications in vessels identification and hydrodynamic noise prediction. In the present research, the steady and unsteady wake flow field was simulated using the open-source OpenFOAM software and the simple-Foam and Pimple-DyMFoam solvers. The obtained characteristic chart and near propeller wake flow results were validated against available experimental data, which shown to be in a very good agreement. The grid study results in the wake region prove that unlike global quantities, the employed wake grid strongly affects the wake parameters. The results obtained from the present research show that employing the RANS models are suitable for the hydrodynamic coefficients calculation and these models predict the results with a low computational cost against the Unsteady RANS approach. On the other hand, an accurate investigation of the flow fluctuations and the vortex flow instabilities can only be accrued performing unsteady simulations with an appropriate refined grid. In this research, the effect of advance coefficient is also investigated on the vortex flow pattern in the wake region. Qualitative comparison of the obtained results and similar available data of the more accurate DES turbulence model shows that the URANS method has great capabilities in wake flow simulation provided that a suitable grid is applied. This method significantly decreases the required cells number and run time while maintaining the results accuracy.

---

Promising secondary metabolites of brown algae have been given particular importance, due to their various biological activities. In the present study, two extraction methods including maceration and ultrasound were performed to prepare extracts from brown algae including Padina distromatic, then, aimed to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-Alzheimer’s activities of extracts. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had higher total phenol (43.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (24.59 mg QE/gDA). However, the maximum antioxidant activity was observed in algae extract prepared by maceration method. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had the highest inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase and the strongest inhibition of nitric oxide production was observed in this extract. Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua bacteria were more resistant to Padina algae extract than other microorganisms and the results of microbial test showed that Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method was more antimicrobial than maceration method. Collectively, the obtained results provide valuable evidence for antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and antimicrobial activity driven by Padina distromatic extracts which can highlight their possible approach in the therapeutic utilization.

---

In recent decades, the demand for the use of functional compounds in food and pharmaceutical products has increased. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial properties of Padina distromatic and Sargassum angustifulium algae extracted by ultrasound. The results showed that butanoic acid was the most important substance in Padina and Sargasum extracts. Total content of polyphenols, flavonoids and IC50 index of Padina extract and sargasum 43.45 and 46.63 mg GAE/g, flavonoid content 24.59 and 55.40 mg QE/g and IC50 index 10.38 and 30.77 g/ml respectively. The inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Padina and Sargassum algae extracts was 42.5% and 25.16%, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory results showed that nitric oxide inhibitory activity increased with increasing the concentration of both Padina and Sargassum algae extracts (from 50 to 400 mg / ml). However, Padina algae extract had the strongest NO inhibitory activity at all concentrations. Padina extract had more antimicrobial properties compared to the algae extract of sargassum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Padina extract at 12.5 mg/ml was obtained on Staphylococcus aureus. Padina extract at 50 mg/ml had a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, Sargassum extract should be used as natural antioxidant and Padina extract as natural anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial components. 

---

In the last decades, resistance to salt stress has been studied intensively in plants. Many ornamental plants have widespread presence in green areas of coastal regions. In such regions, plants are subject to seawater aerosol and surfactants, both of which are frequent in the coastal areas of Mediterranean environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant enzyme activities of two ornamental plants, namely, Callistemon and Viburnum, under the effects of these stressful conditions. To analyze the performance of these plants stressed by 8 weeks treatments with seawater aerosol and surfactants, we measured the antioxidative defense mechanism, considered as enzymatic response, Proline (Pro) levels, Chlorophyll (Chl) and MalonDiAldehyde (MDA) contents. To better understand the response mechanisms, two different growing periods were studied: from January to March and from May to July. The higher temperatures of the second period negatively affected the response of the plants. Salt stress considerably reduced the chlorophyll content in both species, especially in the second period. In particular, the sea aerosol treatments caused 29% and about 45% reduction in Callistemon and Viburnum plants, respectively. The amount of Pro in Viburnum was very small (154.35 nmol g^-1) compared to Callistemon (1466.94 nmol g^-1). An opposite trend was noticed for MDA. ROS-scavenging enzymes, such as SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) in plants exposed to treatment with sea aerosol plus anionic surfactant were significantly higher. Between the two species, Viburnum showed more efficient action mechanisms to overcome aerosol stress.
 

---

In the present study, the wake flow field of a submarine model was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the location of control surfaces on the wake inflow to the impeller of the submarine. In order to investigate the effect of the location of control surfaces as the most important innovation of the present study, the aforementioned surfaces were installed in three longitudinal positions X/L=0.89, 0.92, 0.95 on the heel of the submarine model, and the wake flow was measured at position X/L=1.7 and the Reynolds number 6*10^5  by a five-hole probe and a hotwire anemometer. Finally, the longitudinal position X/L=0.95 was selected as the optimal location for the stern planes to improve the wake inflow to the impeller in terms of reducing its total area and the least amount of turbulence and non-uniformity. The results obtained during this study showed that arriving of the holder basechr('39')s wake to the stern area increases ​​the area and average velocity and subsequently reducing the non-uniformity of the wake flow.

---

The purpose of this research was to study the buying and consumption pattern of canned tuna in Mazandaran province using the theory of planned behavior. For this purpose, after determining the research hypotheses, a suitable questionnaire was designed and completed by the statistical community. The statistical population of the research was the entire Mazandaran province that 10 cities were randomly selected for field study with a sample size of 600 people. In order to test the hypotheses and examine the intensity of the relationship between their items, an appropriate conceptual model was designed and analyzed using Lisrel software. According to the findings, about 60% of the households of the statistical population bought and consumed 10 to 12 cans of canned tuna every year. Brand, size 150 to 180 grams, as well as hypermarkets were among the first priorities of the statistical community regarding the three indicators of packaging characteristics, size and shopping places. The results of running the research conceptual model in two modes, standard and significant, showed that only the hypothesis of a significant effect of perceived risk on subjective norms was rejected and other hypotheses were confirmed. According to the results, among the three variables of brand, quality and packaging specifications, canned tuna brand had the greatest effect on buyers' attitudes with an impact factor of 0.52. In the following, it was found that the effect of perceived usefulness on subjective norms (0.56) is more than income (0.43). According to the findings, the price of canned tuna with an effect coefficient of 0.41, advertising and education variable with an effect coefficient of 0.32, and shopping places variable with an effect coefficient of 0.24 were significantly effective on the perceived behavior control element…