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Sugar beet molasses is a well-known, inexpensive and available carbon source for microbial cell growth. Its sugar components are used to produce energy for microbial growth and non-sugar components, especially nitrogen components, have important roles in improvement of cell growth. On the other hand, immobilization of whole cell is establishment and physical limitation of intact cells in specific space that keeps their catalytic activity and provides the possibility of reuse of the cells. This technique allows continuous and accelerated biological processes. It also improves production efficiency and quality and simplifies recycling of product. Immobilized living cells, as controlled catalysts, are able to perform one-step enzymatic reaction and continuous fermentative processes. In this research, E.coli cells were immobilized in calcium alginate hydrogels and using sugar beet molasses as carbon source, were applied for tryptophan production reaction in the presence of its precursors, serine and indole. In comparison between free biocatalysts and immobilized bacterial cells that entrapped in alginate gels, indicated that larger amounts of amino acids (about 42/9%) can produce in calcium alginate. Also the production reaction was followed up for 9 sequential cycles, and results showed that the cells could produce tryptophan amino acid under above conditions. Use of sugar beet molasses (by-product of agriculture industries) for growth of microbial cells and tryptophan production, causes decrease in production cost and more economical production of tryptophan by immobilized E. coli.

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Abstract The amount of waste and agricultural wastes in Iran is very high due to the combination of resources that they have become suitable for ethanol production. Molasses is one of the most abundant and inexpensive carbon sources available and usable for ethanol production. With this application to prevent it from getting into the environment and the product is obtained as a clean and environmental fuel. The main objective of this study was to compare the production of ethanol from molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zaymomonas Mobilis. In this study, the fermented juices of grapes are cultivated on the RM culture containing 1% Nystatin at Aerobic conditions and temperature is 30℃. Then the Zymomonas Mobilis was isolated and identified by using staining techniques, biochemical tests, growth in the presence of 7% ethanol and ribotyping. To determine the amount of ethanol production, 10% molasses medium was used. The amount of ethanol at 24, 48, 96, 120, 144 hours in 10% molasses were 1.45, 3.4 and 5.05% for Zymomonas mobili subsp. mobilis IRMH52, Zymomonas mobilis subsp. mobilis ATCC 10988 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. In this study, a new strain of Zymomonas mobilis were isolated and compared the production of ethanol with the same conditions showed that this strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce less ethanol.

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Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) is an extremely destructive structural wood pest in Khuzestan province, Iran. One of the effective methods for subterranean termites control is the use of baiting systems that have recently evolved as an environmentally safe tactic to protect structures. In this research, several factors for the preparation of bait were evaluated involving the bait composition. In the no-choice test of bait composition, termites had the highest levels of feeding on bagasse + molasses + yeast, bagasse + molasses, bagasse + yeast, and bagasse, respectively. In the further experiment, termites had the highest levels of feeding on bait containing bagasse + molasses + yeast compared to control. Termites showed the highest levels of feeding on the bait in the stems of the cane, raw bait, cooked bait and pill-shaped bait, respectively. In the field phase, significant differences were not observed among the treatments but termites had the highest levels of feeding on the bait in the stems of the cane, pill-shaped bait, cooked bait and raw bait, respectively. Both field and laboratory conditions, indicate that the target termite has shown a greater tendency to baits in the cane. Findings of this study suggests that the design of the bait and its shape can also affect the bait’s attraction and its acceptance by the termite. Therefore, in addition to the ingredients of the bait, its shape, size, softness and texture quality also affect the amount of bait consumption.
 

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Aims: microalgae use has been recently attracted for the production of biologically active drugs and pharmaceuticals.Carbon source is an essential factor for the Spirulina maxima growth. Since finding the appropriate carbon source and its concentration to achieve high levels of biomass in the shortest cultivation period is very valuable. Therefore, the effect of different carbon sources (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, glucose and molasses) with different concentrations (16, 24 and 32 gL^-1) on growth and biomass production were evaluated. Methods: Microalgae was grown in 11 treatments with 3 replications at labarotary temperature (28±3 °C) and 1350±100 Lux light intensity (24 hours exposure-time). Maximum specific growth rate and doubling time were calculated according to nonlinear modeling by Wolfram Mathematica software at 99% confidence interval. Findings: The highest biomass concentration (gL^-1) at the highest carbon source concentration in the first 5 days belonged to molasses (3.083), glucose (2.094), sodium carbonate (0.869) and sodium bicarbonate (0.835). Biomass production of treatments except glucose in medium was increased by increasing concentration from 16 to 32 gL^-1. Although molasses has reached on highest biomass production during the first 5 days of cultivation, but the greatest effect on increasing specific growth rate belongs to the glucose sample. Conclusions: As a result, the carbon source and its concentration had a significant effect on the growth and biomass production. Glucose has been selected as an effective carbon source for growth with a concentration of 24gL^-1. Moreover, the highest concentration of treatments had shown the least effect on specific growth rate.

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Grape molasses is one of the famous by products of grape that more produced by traditional methods. In this research, some physicochemical properties of grape molasses such as SG, pH, total sugar, ash and rheological properties by using of a single cylinder rotary viscometer at three temperatures       (25, 45 and 65^oC) and three concentrations of 35, 50 and 76 were measured. Mathematical calculations  in basis of Mitchka method shown that it is non-Newtonian and have dilatant behavior. Arrhenius model used for temperature dependence of consistency coefficient and activation energy calculated in range of 15.197 to 34.070 kJ/mol. Finally, by using of exponential relationship concentration dependence of consistency coefficient was evaluated.

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Although biosurfactants have great advantages over chemical surfactants, their wider industrial applications have been constrained by their relatively high production cost. Using renewable, sustainable and cheap substrates such as different industrial by-products and wastes maybe decrease biosurfactant production costs. Since in different countries, there are a variety of by-products and wastes so use of these substrates rely on their types and concentrations in countries. In addition to hydrocarbon compounds, molasses has been considered as a dominant by-product in Iran. In this study, among 16 crude oil degrading isolates, strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZN was selected as an efficient biosurfactant producer by screening methods for detection of biosurfactant producing bacteria. For investigation of molasses concentrations effect on bacterial growth and biosurfactant production, a wide range of molasses concentrations from 2-12% (v/v) were used. This strain was able to grow and produce biosurfactant in all range of molasses concentrations while the best concentrations were 4-6%. Also, at the optimum molasses concentration, reduction of surface tension from 70 to 32-34 mN/m was observed. The concnetrations more than these values decreased the growth and production process. Acid precipitation and solvent extract (ethyl acetate: hexane) methods were carried out for recovery of biosurfactant from the culture broth, then results of spraying on developed TLC and staining fermentation broth without bacterial cells showed the two produced biosurfactants were glycolipid.

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This study was conducted to determine the nutritive value of fresh and ensiled whole and partly stoned olive cake (OC) with or without molasses i.e., 0 and 50 gkg-1 on fresh basis. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (sa), ether extract (EE), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and total phenols (TPH) of all treatments were determined by laboratory analysis. Additionally, pH and the concentration of ammonia-N, lactic acid, and volatile fatty acids were measured in the ensiled treatments. An in vitro gas production for 24 h was used to estimate organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy content. Ensiling OC decreased (P<0.05) DM, pH, EE, WSC, TPH and OMD, and increased (P<0.05) NDF, ADF and lignin (sa) contents. Addition of molasses decreased (P<0.05) OM, NDF, ADF, lignin (sa) and pH, but increased (P<0.05) DM, WSC, OMD and lactic acid. In conclusion, based on these results, the potential to use of OC as a feed in diets of ruminants is limited.

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In this research, response surface methodology based on 3-factor 5-level central composite design was used to determine the effect of refining pretreatment variables on quality indexes of beet molasses. Hence, the effect of bentonite concentration (2-10 g/L), gelatin concentration (0.01-0.1 g/L) and pH (3-7) on turbidity, color, concentration of colloids (CCs) and ash of beet molasses were studied and well fitted by a quadratic polynomial model (R² > 0. 85). The results showed that the pH was the main factor affecting the purification indexes as it had a significant effect on all responses. Bentonite and gelatin as two common clarifying agents improved the quality of molasses, although the ability of bentonite was much higher. The optimum condition for purification pretreatment was found as 8.3 g/L for bentonite, 0.08 g/L for gelatin and 4.03 for pH which were determined on minimization of the turbidity, color, concentration of colloids (CCs) and ash. At this condition, the turbidity, color, ash and concentration of colloids were calculated as 12.1 NTU, 2573 IU, 2.7, 0.9 g/L respectively.
 

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Powdered activated carbon has high adsorption capacity with the remarkable nonpolar surface. The surface forces (van der Waal’s and London) create a stronger attraction between the carbon surface and impurities in comparison to present molecules in dilute molasses. The aim of the study was to adsorb types of impurities such as colorants, turbidity agents, phenolic compounds, anthocyanin and protein of dilute molasses (35% sugar beet dilute molasses) using powdered activated carbon at 4 levels (0.61, 0.78, 1.13, and 1.83 g 100g-1 dilute molasses) at pH 4.5. Further, Freundlich and Longmuir sorption isotherm models were evaluated to predict reduction of impurities. The results of equilibrium isotherms based on the coefficient of determination and adsorption capacity exhibited that the adsorption of impurities such as colorants (R² = 0.9605 and K_f = 5.0794), phenolic compounds (R² = 0.7605 and K_f = 0.9755) and protein (R² = 0.9679 and K_f = 1.9314) didn’t follow from Freundlich model. Turbidity agents and anthocyanin didn’t follow any of the studied models.

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Cakes, as one of the most widely consumed products in societies, may have some disadvantages such as lack of dietary fibers and high level of sucrose contents. Therefore reducing sucrose and increasing dietary fiber contents of cakes while retaining its favorable sensory properties is one of the major challenges for the food industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the production of functional oily cakes containing inulin (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% of wheat flour) and grape molasses (0, 20, 40 and 60% sucrose), and to review the effects of the variables on the cake-batter viscosity, physical and chemical (moisture content, weight loss, pH, reducing sugars, sucrose, total ash, color and fiber content), rheological and sensory properties of oily cakes. According to the results, increasing the use of inulin and the grape molasses in cakes would result in increasing and decreasing the viscosity of the cakes respectively. Also, by increasing the amount of substitution of flour with inulin, as well as the substitution of sucrose with grape molasses, the levels of moisture content, reducing sugars, total ash, and dietary fiber in cake-samples were increased and the levels of weight loss after baking, pH, sucrose content and firmness of cake-samples were decreased. The results showed that by increasing the concentration of inulin up to 5%, the L^* parameter of the samples were increased and in concentrations above 5% and by increasing the concentration of grape molasses, the L^* parameter showed a decreasing trend; Also increasing the concentration of inulin and grape molasses increased the parameter a^* and decreased the parameter b^* of the samples., so that there was no significant difference in overall acceptability between the control sample and those containing 5% inulin and 40% grape molasses.

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One of the technologies considered for bioenergy production is microbial fuel cell. The microbial fuel cells are used as a novel method for wastewater treatment and power generation simultaneously. In this method, microorganisms appear as catalysts to convert chemical energy stored in organic matter into electrical energy under anaerobic conditions. In this study, a microbial fuel cell was designed and constructed using microorganisms existing in municipal wastewater to generate electricity. The structure of the current microbial fuel cell was single-chamber, into which added the wastewater. This chamber was adjacent to the anode and fed with anaerobic sludge, existing in municipal wastewater. In the constructed fuel cell, an air-cathode was used which was separated from the anode chamber by a proton exchange membrane. In order to measure voltage at different currents, a variable resistance and a digital multimeter with data storage capability were used. In this study, the developed potential differences due to changes in the type of microorganism, substrate, and the value of external resistance were investigated. Among the two types of substrates molasses and industrial vinasse investigated, industrial vinasse produced more voltage. The maximum current density of 312.7843mA/m2 was measured at 200 Ohm resistance and maximum power density at 600 Ohm resistance and current density of 201.41mA/m2 was measured 85.6010mW/m2.