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Olive oil due to its unique properties and characteristics in terms of nutrition has a very high and well-known position in various societies, but due to the high price of this product is always threatened by all kinds of fraud. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in small amounts (about 0.35%) in fats and oils. In this study, the fraud of adding vegetable oils (palm, soybean and corn) to olive oil was investigated by comparing the profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The mixture statistical design was used to design experiments related to the measurement of tocopherols. After dissolving in n-hexane, the counterfeit oil samples were injected into HPLC with NH₂ column chromatography and 294 and 320 nm fluorescence detectors, respectively, for stimulation and diffusion to identify and analyze tocopherols and tocotrienols. Among all tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol was predominant in olive oil. Therefore, if combined with other oils, the initial composition of tocopherols changes. Among the oils added to olive oil, palm oil had a very significant effect on the peak area of the tocotrienols. Palm and corn oil had a significant effect on the beta-tocopherol peak. In the mixture of olive oil with corn and soybean oil, the amount of gamma-tocopherol increased significantly. Soybean oil had a significant effect on the peak of delta-tocopherol. Therefore, it can be concluded that delta-tocopherol is an indicator of fraud in adding soybean oil to olive oil. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the fraudulent addition of palm, soybean and corn oils to olive oil. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable method for identifying and determining fraudulent olive oil.

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Pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the popular and nutritious tree nuts in the world. Pistachio spread is a new product which is made from pistachio paste, icing sugar, Soy Protein Isolate (SPI), and Red Palm Oil (RPO). This study involved sensory acceptability (by 32 assessors) using Hedonic scale and development of suitable terminology for describing pistachio spread using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). This study represents the first report on using QDA for sensory evaluation of pistachio products. The QDA method is used to determine the sensory profile of the two pistachio spreads with higher acceptability in the Hedonic scale (Formulation 12 including 50% pistachio paste, 30% icing sugar, and 20% RPO and Formulation 16 including 58.3% pistachio paste, 25% icing sugar, and 16.7% RPO). According to the results, RPO has a direct effect on the sensory acceptance of pistachio spread (P< 0.05). Eight panelists were selected for evaluation of pistachio spread. Twenty attributes (in terms of appearance (green color, visible particles, glossy), aroma (sweet, roasted, nutty, milky/creamy), flavor taste (beany, sweet, oily, bitter, nutty, creamy), texture (stickiness, oiliness, firmness, adhesiveness, spreadability), and aftertaste (bitter, astringency) were identified and developed for the product. No significant difference was observed in all pistachio spread formulations attributes, except for sweetness (P< 0.05).

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After parturition, inflammation of the reproductive tract in cows is common because of bacterial contamination of the uterine lumen. To investigate the beneficial effects of dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) supplementation on health status mediated by change in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes expression, endometrial samples were collected from Holstein cows with similar parturition date and reproductive records. From day 21 before calving to day 42 after calving, cows were fed isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and isolipidic diets that differed only in the source of fats. Cows were fed diets supplemented with palm oil as control group (saturated FA; n= 8), and CLA for the treatments, and the rate of each fat in any diet was 75 g d^-1. CLA-supplemented diet was provided with a mixture of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer. Rumen protected CLA provided 10 g d^-1 each of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomers. Uterine endometrial biopsies were collected at days 21 and 42 after calving and were prepared to determine pro-inflammatory [including Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα), InterLeukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and InterFeron-gamma (IFN-γ)] and anti-inflammatory [interleukin 10 (IL-10)] cytokine genes expression. Results showed that dietary CLA supplementation decreased the expression of IL-1 and IL-8 at days 21 (respectively, 1.8 and 3.9 fold) and 42 (respectively, 4 and 104 fold) postpartum and increased expression of IL-10 at days 21 and 42 (respectively, 9.7 and 2.5 fold). The TNFα expression significantly decreased in day 21 in CLA groups compared with palm (2.5 fold). There was no difference between groups for IL-6 expression. IFN-γ expression decreased in day 21 (3.0 fold) and, conversely, increased in day 42 (2.5 fold) in CLA group compared to palm. Our results showed that, during transition period, dietary supplementation with CLA reduced inflammatory processes via inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines.
 

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