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As a trigger to communication, motivation still includes undiscovered aspects which require further investigation. Hence, considering the newly proposed dual continuum model of motivation, this study investigated the relationships among willingness to communicate (WTC), active/passive motivation, and foreign language achievement (FLA) among 216 high school English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. The modified version of the active/passive motivation scale (APMS) was revalidated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed significant relationships among active/passive motivation, L2WTC, and FLA. Additionally, six models were proposed for the prediction of learners’ L2WTC and FLA. The findings indicated that socio-cultural and sensory-perceptual active motivation as well as cognitive and sensory-perceptual passive motivation significantly predict learners’ L2WTC, while only cognitive active motivation predicts FLA. Furthermore, passive motivation predicts FLA in all sub-constructs. Finally, active motivation is a negative predictor of FLA if mediated by L2WTC. Overall, the study highlights the importance of passive as well as active motivation in promoting WTC and improving FLA among EFL learners.

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Choosing the active or passive constructions for the native speakers of a language, as the name suggests, is simply a "choice" and "selection" and the speaker uses one of these two voices to express the meaning according to his situation and recognition. This conscious choice between the two structures mentioned is not a problem as long as the speaker speaks his native language. The problem begins when a person wants to speak or write in another language and for his “choice”, among the data and training that he has received in a foreign language up to this point, he looks for a reason to choose the best option among two voices and not allow errors. This article tries to answer the question: how can students for whom Russian is not their native language consciously choose a passive construction? In other words, this article is not intended to compare the Voice in Persian and Russian or to observe students’ “mistakes” in encountering this category. The article is aimed at developing a questionnaire containing the “correct” options from among the types of quasi-passive, passive and active and implementing it for 86 students of the Russian language in Iran and Russia (for whom Russian is considered a non-native language) and, based on the analysis of their answers, to reflect them "trend" in the use of passive structure. From this point of view, we try to help Russian teachers in teaching the use of the passive voice.

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Semantic Space of šod-{n ‘to become’ in Persian: A Cognitive Account This paper attempts to explore the semantic space of šod-{n ‘to become’ in Persian in order to address some basic features of linguistic cognition (e.g. analyzability and compositionality). One of the highly-frequent verbs in Persian is šod-{n, which with regard to its different functions at the level of sentence, can be considered as the most active verb in this language. According to a diachronic viewpoint, the same verbal form, šod{n, with four distinctive functions (as a main verb, as a copula, as a modal verb, and as the verbal constituent of complex predicates) plays an important role in Persian verbal system. The passive construction in Persian is considered as a Complex Predicate in which šod-{n combines with different linguistic categories such as noun, adjective, prepositional phrase and past participle (X in general). Its semantic space indicates that various types of constructions including šod-{n form a network of meanings, in which the verbal element šod-{n is meaningful, in contrast to the previous studies it's passive construction which considered it as a purely syntactic element carrying no meaning. Therefore, the passive construction in Persian is viewed as analyzable in which šod-{n is not a random occurrence but rather an extension of its other uses. The relatedness of the uses of šod-{n provides further evidence for the claim in Cognitive Grammar that the passive construction is part of a larger network of related syntactic constructions and not derives from the active construction.

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Passive Nihilism in “Boof e koor” By: Dr. Sayed Kazem Moosavi Fatemeh Homayoon Abstract: Nihilism in the beginning part of “boof e koor” and its similarity with Nietzsche’s nihilism is an issue that has already been explored by writers of this paper. Despite the fact that Nietzsche’s influence is not deniable in Hedayat’s work, this nihilism radically different from what Nietzsche recognizes as “active nihilism” and is realized in Zarathustra. The distinction between the Narrator and Zarathustra can be investigated in the second part of “Boof e koor”, which is in fact the practical nihilism of this book. This paper unearths the similarity and distinction dimensions between Zarathustra and the Narrator of Boof e koor and explores “passive nihilism” especially in second part of this book. The paper also argues that although the Narrator has mentally reviewed Nietzsche’s argument, he approves of it, and, in the first part, thinks about killing the celestial girl; this girl's deep influence - that is in fact a realization of the extraterrestrial world- and narrator's passion deter him from being able to practically obliterate influence of the prostitute’s presence, that is the social symbol of the celestial girl, from his life.

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I first described philosophers' metaphors for "mind", then classified and critically examined them, and finally deduced their educational implications. The results indicate that nine metaphors were used about the mind, based on which I divided the mind into passive and active. Among the mentioned metaphors, the metaphor of the fertile earth and the metaphor of the glasses are active metaphors according to which, unlike other metaphors, every student is a unique and thinking creature with freedom of choice and individuality. This perspective has a fluid view of the man who believes in free will and does not view him as a machine. The implications of the mentioned attitude in the curriculum elements are presented in a table. Since each teacher has a personal philosophy, his attitude toward students' minds can guide how he teaches and treats them.

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Mohammad Jafar Habibzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Law, Tarbiat Modares University Bribery is known as a public crime. It is relized by two parties: briber and bribee. Without paying attention to view of private criminal law and criminology, in this research we have investigated the substance of bribery, whether does it alocate to subject of judgment, is active corruption and passive corruption a single crime and finally how the question of taken goods by bribery must be treated. It is concluded that bribery doesn't alocate to judgment, active and passive corruption which are independent crime and the third result is the property must be return to its owner. Even if the legislature can design the equivalent of the taken goods as a pecunary which must be paid by defendant.

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As a light verb, the verb “∫odan” contributes in the structure of a wide range of verbs and forms different applied concepts, including the expression of the change of state. In the French language, there are many different verbs and structures, which could be known as equivalents of the verb “∫odan”  for expressing the change of state. Therefore, incorrect use of any of these equivalents is a great concern for Iranian learners, and usually leads to misunderstandings. This paper will firstly study the two verbs, “∫odan” and “devenir” in Persian and French languages, respectively. Then we will introduce the equivalents of the verb “∫odan” in French language. Next the verb “devenir” will be studied in contrast with other French verbs, which express the change of state. Finally, the aspectual values of the verb “∫odan” and its equivalents in French language will be dealt with.  

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Introduction
Cities, as the most complex man-made structures, face a wide range of risks, both due to a wide range of hazards and due to their multiple vulnerabilities. Urban vulnerabilities are felt everywhere, from infrastructure and buildings to telecommunications, transportation and energy lines, and it should be kept in mind that reducing vulnerabilities on the scale of a city is not simply reinforcing buildings and single buildings. The disasters that have happened in recent years show that societies and individuals have become more and more vulnerable, and the risks and hazards have also increased. Risk is a combination of danger and vulnerability. However, reducing risk and vulnerability is often ignored until after accidents occur. Based on the predictions made, by 2030, about 6 billion people out of the 8.1 billion population of the planet will live in cities, and about two-thirds of them will live in metropolises.
Methodology
The current research is applied and is descriptive-analytic in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and professors according to the subject, 30 people among them have been selected as the sample size using the personal estimation method. It was done in the 8th region by using some models (Topsis, Shannon Entropy) and finally GIS software was used to draw the maps. Statistical sources and documents were prepared for this purpose, and required maps were collected from related organizations and departments. In general, maps: 1. Map of municipal areas 2. Periodic development 3. Earthquake lines 4. Rivers, etc. were used in the analysis of this article. It should be noted that many of the maps were incomplete, and the authors completed and edited them. After editing the required maps, a new output was obtained, which was considered the final urban development map of Kermanshah metropolis.
This article is trying to explain and use the integration of physical, social and natural components by using quantitative models and also considering the necessary indexing (fundamental studies). Also, solutions that can be implemented (operational methods) have been considered. In this article, purposes such as providing the zoning of vulnerability and the risk map for facilitating the identification of the critical regions of the Kermanshah metropolis, etc., according to the data and results of this research and determining the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of the Kermanshah metropolis in the future with consideration of the earthquake risk zone and compliance with Passive defense considerations are followed. The results of the research and the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah metropolis in the future, taking into account the earthquake risk zone, are followed. This process is displayed in the TOPSIS model by using the opinions of the respondents and the physical and spatial development of the city. According to the principles of Passive defense and research objectives, the research method has become operational. The article is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its application. To conduct this research, 4 economic, social, physical and natural components were chosen, along with their indicators.
Discussion and results
The process of periodical development can be defined as the physical expansion of settlements (both urban and rural) that are registered in approved urban development plans or managed under the political-administrative rule of a specific organization, such as the municipality, at different historical periods. Also, from the digitization of aerial and satellite images, etc., by identifying the trends and mentioning the time of physical expansion, their authority depends on the continuous growth (interlacing or joining) of each period of time in a circular or sectional manner to the period before it (none from special exceptions, such as municipal management of a specific town in its immediate territory). Considering the map of the physical development of the metropolis of Kermanshah, it can be acknowledged in the historical ages that the periodic development process of Kermanshah was intertwined with the urban defense system, and in a way, the physical growth of Kermanshah was also a product of the defense factor. Also, the cause of the imposed war and the migration of provincial war veterans, etc., have been among the factors in this unbridled growth. This unbridled population pressure is so evident that the informal settlements and the injection of residential settlements outside the pre-planned development plans have broken the scope of the plan, and these factors, together with economic poverty and a lack of strict monitoring, have made many of the topics of meaningful Vulnerability according to the 45 components and indicators to such an extent that a meaningful relationship between the socio-economic base, like many of Iran's cities have a physical-spatial structure, gave the City a shape in the form of a socio-economic base. The socio-economic base, special neighborhoods and areas were chosen for settlement and the horizontal and scattered development of the City due to these separations spread beyond the original borders (before 1330) and areas 7 and 5 are near and along the mountain. Taq Bostan, and regions 8 and 4 in the heights and Mahor hills of Koh Sefid and regions 3, 2, 6 and 1 in the Kermanshah plain and parallel to the river continued to expand. Undoubtedly, this process of physical development and growth is inevitable in opposition to the scattered fault lines on the surface. The City is located, and it should be considered and paid attention by city managers by creating multipurpose uses and increasing open and green spaces per capita, preventing desertification, emphasizing strengthening, etc., the balanced and horizontal growth of the City in development plans. In the present article, with basic studies and theoretical foundations related to the subject and the study area, the required database in the ArcGIS software environment was formed, and then the vulnerability of the areas was assessed according to the conditions of the study area. Finally, the vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis according to the principles of Passive defense and quantitative and qualitative criteria using ArcGIS software and the TOPSIS model in the form of a vulnerable zone map and the periodic development of the City and City development directions based on the location of Passive defense.
Conclusions
Cities are moving towards becoming networked and systemic, and the systemic approach is manifested in the system of cities, which contains all the localities and regions of the urban system. Therefore, we should not forget that threats are a living and serious element that has always existed in all human activities and man-made infrastructures. What is taken from the article as results is certain: this is that the distinction between the base and the socio-economic position in the analysis of urban vulnerability has shown its real expression in the more vulnerable zones 5, 7 and 6 and the zones 8, 4, 1, 2 and 3 with less vulnerability, which have emerged from the heart of the metropolis of Kermanshah. Because informal settlements, hieratical, inefficient and worn-out urban neighborhoods are generally located in areas with high Vulnerability (except for the historical context of the City on the border of zones 8, 4, 3 and 2), skeletal, resistant, open-space buildings, etc. are located in areas with less vulnerability. In conclusion, what is evident is that the circular growth and development of the City until 1330 and after that, the linear growth of the City from Sarab Taq Bostan in the northern side to Sarab Qanbar in the southern side was dominant until 1350, and the City, from this date until now, has spread all over and the physical growth of the City has dominated on the western and eastern sides of the City by the construction of industrial towns and the creation of residential areas in these sides with the aim of development programs and helping development and construction. The aspects of physical-spatial development will face problems practically in some regions. This requires concentration and attention to the various faults in the north and south of the city, along with the Qarasu river, which apply principles and considerations of Passive defense in urban development, increasing per capita green uses, relief, etc., using resistant materials, preventing desertification, and creating new multipurpose uses.

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Neighborhoods and public buildings are required to comply with specific criteria from the perspective of passive defense to survive and to continue its activities in conditions of crisis. In order to achieve the criteria, the recognition of threats and the priority of local public buildings based on various items can be helpful. The priorities explain which the user is more sensitive, more vulnerable and in times of crisis can be useful. The aim of the research is the priorities of existing buildings in the neighborhood on the field of functional necessity, the application in crisis and the sensitivity of the enemy. In times of crisis, Cities and accommodation and activity centers as well as public buildings as centers of human and material capital are the target for the enemy and attack them causes great damage. Accordingly, the neighborhoods that form the cities and public buildings in there are always on top of the important purposes of attackers. So through this paper study the urban buildings in the neighborhood of three terms of the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. Delphi technique used in this study and the research population included all defense experts and architecture, of which 12 samples selected. In general, the concept and household of neighborhood can be defined as different aspects of social, psychological, mental, cognitive, architecture (physical) and politically. Regarding to the world literature, two words, township and neighborhood can translated as the concept of neighborhood. While included the populations of them, respectively, 2000 and 10000 and 15000 to 40000 people. The first word is residential neighborhood that has a distinct identity but the second word refers to an area that in addition to large size has a diverse career opportunities. In urban classification, neighborhood is the first category and then the region, district, city and beyond, the next field. This neighborhood has the necessary equipment, including schools, supermarkets and entertainment centers. Public buildings of neighborhood that used as the first area of urban buildings including banks, shopping centers, libraries, mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools, small industrial sites, hospitals, clinics and laboratories, emergency centers, subway, bus terminals, car parks, restaurants, fire station, power station, gas station, water and security centers. The purpose of measuring the important urban centers whit this benchmark is to find places that have the most users at the time of the invasion of the city, also have more effects in comparison with other users. This priority known against those places that is not effective in crisis. Identification of such sites has the advantage of looking for lasting strategic locations and finding solutions to maintain the physic and performance of those sites. Also, identify the places that the enemy does not considered as important targets and remove them from the priority of places in order to secure. If the domain of passive defense extended by the presence of some vital services after enemy attack, then the activities and places that are essential will identify during the threats. Other places that are diagnosed unnecessary or less effective, have the potential to change the physic to new performance. Provided that the architectural design is flexible and meet the vital needs of the city. In this study, the Delphi technique performed for the Prioritization of public buildings in terms of passive defense in times of crisis. The first point in the Delphi panel is the way to choose its members so that usually invited 10 to 15 specialists is the best for participation in Delphi. Delphi panel members for this study selected for non-probable sampling and combination of purposive or judgmental and sequential methods of 12 patients. In this method, the panel members usually offer their opinions in numbers, then the average is calculated by agree and disagree panel members, subsequently this information notified to members to obtain new ideas. In the next step, each member offers new opinion or modifies his previous opinion based on information obtained from the previous stage. This process continues until an average number is stable enough. The questionnaire designed as for the proposed priorities. According to the results shown the average per any local user, calculate by priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity. In this way, there is priority on the amount of applicability of the crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity for every 10 local buildings. The result in neighborhood suggests that priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. Mosques and religious sites, clinics and health centers, subway, parking and fire stations are as second priority and the banks, shopping centers and nonprofit services, libraries, indoor clubs, schools, kindergarten and restaurants is considered worthless attack. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary, parking is rather essential and restaurants, libraries, Mosques and religious sites, indoor clubs, schools and kindergarten are non-performance. Also in priority on necessity in crisis, banks are non-usable, parking, schools and kindergarten, indoor clubs, Mosques and religious sites and libraries have possibility of granting new performance (indirect use) and shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). The results in the prioritization in public buildings in the neighborhood suggest that the use in the prioritization in public buildings the neighborhood includes 10 users and each user also contains one or two sub-user. The applications analyzed based on three priorities (the amount of applicability in crisis, the sensitivity of the enemy and the sphere of functional necessity). The priority applications on the sensitivity of the enemy, the first priority attack in the enemy point of view according to the panel members are military statins, power stations, gas stations and water centers. The priority on the sphere of functional necessity, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are necessary. In priority on necessity in crisis, shopping centers and nonprofit services, clinics and health centers, subway, fire stations, power stations, gas stations, water centers and military stations are a direct function (Maintain existing performance). Designing complex subway station and mixing them with crisis management provides an opportunity to understand multi-functional of station spaces. This article seeks to reduce vulnerabilities in the analysis subway stations measures to be considered as temporary accommodation in an emergencies and provide a safe space research questions inclusive weather do you have ability to the performance is also, in addition to its roles as station for transport and cultural and commercial complex; in critical condition become to temporary housing? Or what factors effect on flexibility of architectural complex subway? We have very good station complex in our country. A station complex itself consists of several levels of services areas include entertainment and office. This type of sorting and spatial layout is designed based on the needs. But in this paper we discussed bout benefits of this wide space and advantages of all the facilities and equipment in emergencies. Developing countries, including Iran, in addition to being more prone to accidents and natural disasters than other communities, total human casualties and property damage in case of accident these communities are heavier. To prevent the occurrence, planning to rescue damaged area and temporary accommodation, all communities need new Disaster Management. In the present study we have tried through a multi-functional and flexible design, the central station with the highest integrity economic, social and environmental be prepared to deal with the sudden crises. Despite the unexpected event and the space subway stations is located in the basement created a good spaces for sheltering people affected.

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Introduction and Literature Review: Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to alleviate the effects of global warming have become a worldwide necessity. This matter has significant importance in Iran, because Iran has the seventh ranking position of global greenhouse gas emissions and its rate of growth is above global average. Building construction sector is experiencing a fast-paced growth in developing countries, like Iran, due to growth of economy and rapid urbanization. A large number of buildings are being built for residential, commercial and office purposes every year. Built environments are responsible for about 40 percent of energy consumption in Iran and it is generally approved that the greatest portion of built environment is dedicated to residential use. Energy consumed in producing and processing building materials and in the processes of building a house, is usually calculated using embodied energy concept. Until recently, it was generally accepted that the energy used during the occupation of a building represented a much higher proportion than its embodied energy; thus, great efforts were put into reducing energy use in this phase. New and improved technologies have reduced the operational energy through a variety of solutions, including energy-efficient equipment and appliances, improved insulation levels, low energy lighting, heat recovery systems, the provision of solar hot water systems, photovoltaic panels for generation of electricity, and other renewable technologies. However, these measures often imply an increase in materials use and energy demand for their production, which explains the growing importance of other phases in the total life cycle. According to the global literature, embodied energy of a building accounts for one third to one fifth of the total life cycle energy consumption of a specific building. However as the global trend for the new developments moves toward the zero energy/carbon buildings, the importance of the embodied energy increases. In fact embodied energy is one of the leading parameters in assessing building’s environmental performance, because in building projects, vast amounts of building materials are needed which consume great amounts of embodied energy and thus have negative effect on environment. With this preamble, improving energy efficiency of the existing dwelling stock of urban regions will increasingly be part of achieving sustainable development in future. Although this aspect of achieving sustainable development has been the subject of many global practices in recent years and global literature is almost rich in the calculations and analysis of embodied energy and life cycle energy consumption, this matter has been neglected almost completely in Iran and those few studies conducted focusing on energy in urban planning and designing fields, are mainly concentrating on transportation sector. Thus the main goal of this study is analyzing the sustainability of urban residential sector with focusing on embodied energy consumption. Methodology: In this regard, residential sector in Shiraz Metropolitan has been divided into seven different dwelling types including central-yard houses, attached terrace houses (one story houses, two story and three story houses), apartments (which are buildings of four story and above), villas and declined houses. Gathering raw data in this study was challenging, considering the fact that house building in Iran is far from industrialized and prefabricated building is really limited. Unfortunately there is no data available on the average material consumption of different dwelling types in Iran and the only study similar to this was done focusing on building structures. Using this only available data, we built our data bank in Microsoft Office excel and then focused on computing average embodied energy via multiplying embodied energy of common building materials extracted from a report conducted in the University of Bath titled “Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)” into average material consumption based on building structures. Another point we had to take into account was the unit of the available data; while embodied energy of materials were presented in gigajoules per square meter, average material consumptions of dwellings were presented in different units from square meters, to cubic meters, kilograms and blocks. So using density of materials we established a second data base with similar units. Normalizing this raw data through dividing average embodied energy of residential dwelling by dwelling area we calculated the capitation of embodied energy for each dwelling. Afterwards we prioritized embodied energyconsumption of dwelling types from lowest embodied energy capitation to the highest as follows: brick and wood structures with about 3 GJ/m^2 embodied energy, clay brick concrete structures, clay brick steel structures, brick concrete structures, brick and iron structures, and at last brick steel structures with about5.35 GJ/m^2 embodied energy Results: To be sure of the validity of these comparisons analysis of variances (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tests (Least significant difference- LSD) have been applied to these data in IBM SPSS statistics 19, and the result has been positive. Then collected data were shifted from structure types to dwelling types and we found out that central-yard houses with 3.6 GJ/m^2 embodied energy per capita are the most energy efficient dwelling types. After this type in sequence lay one-story terrace houses (4.21GJ/m^2 ), apartments (4.26GJ/ m^2 ), two story terrace houses (4.67GJ/m^2 ), declined houses (4.81GJ/m^2 ), villas (4.84GJ/m^2 ), and three story terrace houses (5.21GJ/m^2 ). Discussion and Conclusion: This paper highlights the need to use location-specific data in the development of building assessment schemes and the issues related to the use of embodied energy assessment for the building sector. Absence of localized data base on building material consumption on the basis of dwelling type and lack of data on cradle to grave embodied carbon and energy of common building materials were the most important obstacles in this research. On the basis of international research, paint, bitumen, platevirgin, sheet Galvanized-virgin, steel, ceramics, primary glass, iron bars, lime, cement, and common brick are the most energy intensive materials. So on account of lack of localized data, we used international embodied energy of common building materials (cradle-to-gate) to calculate embodied energy of different dwelling types. Despite of major shortcomings in data base, noteworthy conclusions have been deducted from this work which are summarized as follows: traditional form of housing in Shiraz which is known as central yard houses in this paper with brick and wood structures (in which there is a yard in the center of the block and the residential parts are located at its periphery) are the most sustainable form of housing according to this research criteria and case study. This may owe its accomplishment to the low embodied energy of common materials used in this type of housing which we may call the most environmental friendly form of housing in Shiraz. Furthermore there is a substantial lack of data on embodied energy and carbon of materials in general, and in particular on the embodied energy and carbon of buildings to be able to do an entire evaluation of buildings in their life long period. So to do a complete research in building sector (life cycle assessment), including embodied energy, gray energy, operational energy, induced energy, Demolition/Recycling Energy, and retrofit energy are unavoidable.

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In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we are supposed to find some ways to diminish our reliance on fossil fuel .Generally, energy use in residential, commercial and public buildings account for %36 of total global final energy consumption in Iran.(Secretariat of Energy and Electricity، 44 :2013) In this regard, renewable energy resources have become vital for heating and cooling. Using solar systems is an appropriate measure towards reduction of fossil fuel consumption and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. According to the huge potential of solar radiation in Iran, integration of heating and cooling systems in the building envelope is a necessity if the systems are to be economically feasible. The integration is possible only if the design of the passive technology is included in the early stages of the design process. Space heating is the most important building energy use in regions with cold climate and one of the passive solar technologies which is used in mentioned regions is Trombe-wall. Classic Trombe-wall is a passive solar system made up of a south-facing massive wall painted in black on the external surface, an air layer and glazing on the exterior. The wall is equipped with vents at the top and at the bottom for the air thermo-circulation in the air gap. The Trombe-wall systems function by absorbing solar rays and converting their energy. A Trombe-wall stores energy during the sunshine and supplies energy when a building’s occupants require it. It has been widely studied regarding winter behavior, but in summer the system can cause undesired heat gains and overheating phenomena, especially in well insulated buildings. Only few studies focus on their summer behavior. Overshadowing on Trombe-wall’s glazing in summer is an action recommended by several authors. “Modular building envelope panel with heating and cooling capability” is inspired from Trombe-wall in heating scenario and looking forward to improving its summer behavior by the use of evaporative cooling system. In the current study, water was used instead of conventional masonry material, according to its thermal capacity, transparency and fluidity. In summer, the water is discharged and cooling loads are reduced using evaporative cooling. This strategy results in overall building efficiency improvement. (Abolhasani, 2014:21) We attempted to design a modular system for the façade. Modularity offers many advantages and solves some parts of the problems in using conventional built in-situ solar walls. It facilities industrial mass production with high quality and ease of installation, repairing and maintenance. Fully modular products could allow components to be replaced without affecting other elements and reduces the total cost of the entire product. Modular design facilitates design standardization by identifying the component’s performance clearly and minimizing the incidental interactions between a component and the rest of the product. We assessed energy performance of proposed panel using EnergyPlus 8.1 simulation software and investigated influence of it on heating and cooling loads. In order to do that, a series of hour-by-hour simulations carried out on two different models that are made of some thermal zones. The first one is a single room with the dimensions 3m*4m*3m which its south facing side is a double glazed curtain wall. The other model is a room with proposed panel which consists of two zones – a room with the same dimension as that of the first model, named “Room zone” and a zone dimensioned 0.1m*4m*3m, named Trombe zone. These two zones must have an inlet and an outlet “node” to link them in an air loop within the simulation. Air Loop is formed by defining nodes and components. We defined different components in different seasons. We used a supply plenum exposed to sun, for winter and evaporative cooler component, for summer. For winter simulation we made use of water as collector and storage material and supposed air loop between trombe zone and room zone. For summer behavior, water is supposed to be discharged to activate evaporative cooler component in the air loop. Comparing the output of simulations showed that designed panel decreases heating and cooling loads in our assumed model. We iterated the simulation in room with proposed panel to optimize different parameters and characteristics of constitutive elements. We optimized thickness of water layer as a thermal mass. The results showed that in thicknesses under 125mm, increasing the thickness decreases heating load significantly, however over 125mm, the decreasing rate slows down. The thickness of 125mm reduces 65 percent of heating load in working hours. In order to select the best exterior glazing material, a series of simulations carried out on 6 types of glazing. The effect of glazing type was investigated using net heat gain. Low emission coating showed the best performance. Using low emission glazing instead of single glazing for a Tromb-wall system not only reduced heat losses in winter but also enhanced passive cooling in summer. Results also proved that natural ventilation cannot reduce cooling demand in cold climate condition. It can be alleviated by evaporating cooling and reduction of sensible heat and have a positive impact on summer performance. To improve energy efficiency in designed panel, a forced air circulator was used. In evaporative cooling scenario water consumption and airflow rate was optimized by simulations. The results showed the best performance in an air flow rate ranging from 0.10 up to 0.15 m3/s (equivalent to 300-200 cfm). Finally, the optimized values were used to redesign details of the panel. Proposed panel consists of polycarbonate plenum, low emission glazing on exterior side, dampers, ultrasonic evaporative cooler, movable shading, centrifugal fan and horizontal stud- in order to increase resistance of plenum against static pressure of water. Evaluation of suggested system in the sample model proved its effectiveness in reduction of annual energy demand -heating and cooling loads. The results of this research is based on the weather data of Tabriz, Iran, and the specific sample, so these values cannot be applied to the other climate regions and building conditions. Independent studies should take place for various climate conditions. Also, it would be better to do some experimental surveys to validate the results of the research.

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Introduction
In simple terms, land-use planning means what form of development is placed in a region to achieve its primary goal in a long-term sustainable manner. Additionally, passive defense is one of the basic approaches that should be taken into consideration so that military centers have the lowest level of vulnerability during military attacks and wars.
Methodology
In this research, 18 parameters were identified and selected from the educational, research and operational resources of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the construction of military centers in Golestan province, and then the weight of each indicator was determined using the AHP approach in the form of an eigenvector. Then, the raw obtained data were converted into classified maps using GIS and after combining with the given eigenvalues, the final spatial zoning map was prepared based on the used passive defense parameters for the construction of military centers in this province. 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that in this province there are no very suitable and very unsuitable regions. Also, there are regions with the total area of 340.6 square kilometers in this province, which are suitable. Other regions of the province (98.33% of the total area of the province) either have medium desirability or have unsuitable conditions for building safe military centers due to their proximity to cities, inappropriate distance from faults, proximity to industrial centers and mines.
Conclusions
The central and western regions of the Golestan province, which comprise about one-third of the province's area, due to its proximity to cities, inappropriate distance from faults, proximity to industrial centers and mines are inappropriate for the construction of safe military centers. The rest of the province has a moderate location utility and the construction of military centers in these areas requires other indicators and components of military-security management.

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  The present study investigates the auxiliary selection in the languages which use this way to encode perfect and progressive aspect, future tense and passive. In other words, it investigates how Persian makes use of the universal auxiliary categories, be and have, and then it attempts to find out the similarities and differences between this language and others with regard to the selection of these verbs. In the next step the gathered data is analyzed within the framework of croft (2003). The study of various languages showed that the selection of each of auxiliary verbs is not an accidental matter but represents different grammatical and historical development. It is concluded that Persian tends to select the verb be for the perfective aspect and in this way it is more similar to Germanic languages rather than Romance ones. With regard to progressive aspect this language uses the verb have and used to select the verb be before with respect to passive voice although it now uses another auxiliary verb as the production of language invention. For future tense the concept of volition remains in its auxiliary verb. Thus some Persain language usages of the auxiliary verbs follow the universal markedness hierarchy while others are restricted to a few number of world’s languages.

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  The purpose of this study is to examine the passive in Sŏranī and Kurmanji Kurdish based on Role and Reference Grammar. The strategy of the research is analytic-comparative. Sŏranī and Kurmanji, respectively, manifest morphological and periphrastic passive voice. In Sŏranī (Mahǎbǎdi) passive is marked by suffix rǎ/rě attached to a verb and in Kurmanji by the auxiliary verb hǎtin "to come" along with infinitive. In this study, it is shown that despite the past transitive constructions in Kurmanji and Sŏranī, respectively, display ergative morphology and non-accusative (neither ergative nor accusative), the passive is insensitive to the tense, namely, passive in the past and present tenses follows the same pattern of accusative languages and it shows that passive construction canonically involve two phenomena of the universal formulation of basic voice oppositions in Van Valin (2007): privileged syntactic argument (PSA) modulation and argument modulation. Furthermore, this study shows that the Role and Reference Grammar approach cannot make a clear account about those non-active structures that form from intransitive complex verbs.                          

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The phrase “And those who argue concerning Allah after that answer has been made to Him" in verse 16 of Surah ASH-SHURA is one of the expressions that there is disagreement on its interpretation and translation. According to this phrase, the argument of deniers stands refuted after the acceptance of the call of the person mentioned by the genitive attached pronoun "hū "(ــه)of third person masculine. The disagreement over determining the reference of the deniers, the subject of response and the antecedent of the pronoun "hū "(ــه) has caused differences in interpretation and consequently translations of the verse. Some translations, without being influenced by interpretive judgments, also render the ambiguity of the verse. What evidence, however, can be used to interpret and translate this phrase correctly? Using a descriptive-analytic method, the present research, while introducing Persian and English interpretations and translations of the abovementioned verse and taking into account the meaning of the context and other related verses, aims to obtain the correct interpretation and translation of the verse. This research is necessary to make clear the meaning of one of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, and, moreover, it is of importance to show a wide range of ignorance about the evidences in interpreting and translating this verse. The result of the study suggests that the references of the disputers are polytheists or People of the Book or both; The reason for mentioning the passive verb "istujība" is to generalize the subject, which, according to the evidences, can be referred to Muslims, nature, and scholars of the Book, and the antecedent of the pronoun "hū "(ــه)is Allah.
 

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The present research is a comparative study of the comprehension and production of passive verbs in Persian monolingual children with Turkish-Persian bilingual children. Given the fact that the usage of passive structures in Persian is more often in writing than in speaking and also having in mind that Turkish passive structures are completely different from the ones in Persian, we want to see if Turkish-Persian bilingual children who have grown up with their native language are able to comprehend and produce Persian passive structures.   
Many researchers working abroad have tested the production and comprehension of passive sentences in children using pictures, puppet shows and films. In Iran, although some researches have been done on passive structures and bilingualism, the production and comprehension of passive sentences by bilingual and monolingual children has not been compared yet.  Due to the large number of bilingual people in Iran and the importance of bilingualism in language programming, assessing the effect of bilingualism on using Persian passive structures is important. Theoretical framework of this research is Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) according to which, two kinds of passive structures including main passives and non-personal passives are recognized.
 In this research, eighteen 5- to-7- year old Persian monolingual children (9 girls and 9 boys) and eighteen 5- to-7- year old Turkish-Persian bilingual children were monitored to see if they produce and comprehend Persian passive structures. These children were selected randomly from the schools of Tehran and Sarab. In order to assess children’s comprehension and production of passive sentences, pictorial tests were used. Independent variables in the experiment are multilingualism and age and dependent variables are the comprehension and production of passive sentences. To do the experiment, sentences were made using 16 Persian verbs including: eat, milk, cut, plant, break, wash, kill, cook, write, sew, draw, weave, build, dig, pick, and steal. Afterwards, pictorial cards were drawn showing the action represented by the verb. Tests were organized in 4 parts. The first three tests, analyzing the comprehension and production of main and non-personal passive sentences, are the ones introduced by Demuth (2013). The forth test, a production test, is Manetti's (2013).Analyzing the data using SPSS, version 19, we found out that both bilingual and monolingual children have the ability of comprehending and producing passive structures of Persian language. So, multilingualism and age do not have a significant effect on the comprehension and production of main and non-personal passive verbs. Also the results showed that children most often tend to generalize the voice structure they hear to newly given situations i.e. when they are questioned about a patient (3rd test), they may or may not produce a passive sentence but when they are presented with a model passive structure in one case, the children copy the structure they hear to new situations.

 
 

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A passive scalar is a property that is affected by the flow field without affecting it. In this paper, first, the governing equations on the turbulent flows are solved and the property of a passive scalar in two dimensions is numerically studied. Having the values of the velocity components, the governing equation on transport of a passive scalar is solved. To compute the turbulent velocity field, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method using Smagorinsky subgrid scale is invoked. The flow in a cavity has been the basis to validate the accuracy of the generated computer code. To ensure the compatibility between the flow and the transport of passive scalar fields a similar LES approach is used. As a three-dimensional numerical solution for a turbulent flow fields needs a massive computational time and efforts, therefore a two-dimensional simulation used for a proper saving. Instead, to validate the numerical results, the range of the Reynolds number of the flow is kept within the range of the two-dimensional measurements. Comparison of the numerical results and the experimental measurements in two-dimension reveals the high accuracy of the results and compatibility between the flow and passive scalar fields. Ability of developed scheme to accurately handle transport of a passive scalar is promising to extend LES method into the transport of more species and hence to simulate reacting flows.

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