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A prominent characteristic of the trial discourse is the imbalance of power between the participants, in such a way that the power is imposed unilaterally from the interrogator (be it the investigator, the judge, etc.) to the addressee. The most important tool for imposing power is the use of "question" which has a controlling feature. In order to analyze the different dimensions of the trial discourse, the present research studies the structural, discursive and pragmatic aspects of questions in different criminal, civil and family branches in the court and prosecutor's office of Duroud city. In the structural dimension, the types of morpho-syntactic characteristics and in the pragmatic dimension, the type of speech act of different types of questions have been considered. In this regard, we examined the data by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results indicate that the most frequently used question forms are related to yes/no and narrow wh-questions. It was also found that the questions have three types of regulative, constative and communicative speech acts. The findings confirm that some questions that have a communicative action are raised by lay participants with the purpose of clarification, and therefore, in some situations, it is possible to observe a change in the one-sided questioning pattern of interrogator → addressee. Most of the questions that are raised by lay people are rooted in their lack of familiarity with technical legal terms, which in some cases can lead to consequences such as the lack of a favorable defense.
 

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This study attempts to evaluate one of the language use differences among women and men according to the Dominance Theory. The main purpose of the study is thus to investigate speech interruption as the participatory dominance factor based on the Dominance Theory in the Persian community and three affecting factors on interruption (direct statements, subject deviation and verbs and adverbs of uncertainty). Speech interruption and three affecting factors on interruption have been evaluated in the single and cross-sex societies. The data required were obtained from 40 two-stage interviews (10 men and 10 women students in the age range of 18-24 years). The men and women of this study in single and cross-sex societies, based on speech interruption factor, showed different linguistic behaviors and the linguistic representation of gender-based attitude in the Persian community was tangible. The relationship of each affecting factor on interruption with interruption was determined. The findings suggest that the framework provided by Dominance Theory in Persian community is inefficient.        

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Aims: This article discusses the formation of the concept of "performance" and its expansion in urban studies, focusing on the rhetorical field of "city strolling" and the effect of this concept in forming new perceptions of the city and urban practices. The present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of the concept of "performance" in urban discourse and introducing its effectiveness in the study of urban phenomena and the design of urban public spaces.
Methods: The research method is qualitative. Based on library research, the formation of this concept and its effects in the field of urban studies have been analyzed.
Findings: City strolling (especially Debord's "Dérive") due to its internal capacities, has been the origin of the concept of performance, which has not only changed the relationship between the city and its residents, but also has been effective in the emergence of new practices and forms of behavior in the city. "Dérive" imposes elements such as play, show, intervention and situation to the city system and reads the city not based on the previous dominant narrative, but based on the experiences of the activists.
Conclusion: Special attention to daily practices and affairs, fleeting encounters, action processes and social interactions in the context of the city requires an approach that can decipher the functional logic of these activities. Performance, both as a kind of behavior and as a kind of analogy and efficient method, has shown and proved its potential in city studies.
 

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In this article the effect of hot rolling process on properties and microstructure of Al-B4C composite is investigated. To produce the composite samples, 3 vol.% B4C particles with 300 nm average grain size added to melted Al-356 alloy. Rolling process was done at 350 °C on vortex samples that is made after 15 minutes mixing at 850 °C. Porosimetry, hardness and tensile strength tests were carried out to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of composite samples. Microstructures of the samples were also investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate lowering the amount of porosity, increasing hardness and increasing tensile strength of rolling composites. The amount of porosity before rolling process was 2.05% that is decreased to 0.35% after rolling process. Tensile strength and hardness of composites before and after rolling process achieved 178 MPa and 293 MPa and 62 HBN and 101 HBN respectively. Also hot rolling process caused to more ductile fracture of composites that is produced by vortex. Tensile strength and hardness of composites before and after rolling process achieved 178 MPa and 293 MPa and 62 HBN and 101 HBN respectively. Also hot rolling process caused to more ductile fracture of composites that is produced by vortex.

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Rolling bearings is one of the important elements in rotating machinery that they are under rolling contact fatigue, so for better estimation of remaining life of these elements a model which is considered multiple moving loads based on the linear fracture mechanics has been proposed. Considering the effect of the multiple moving loads is a key element of this model that is not considered in literature. The contact surface is modeled by a half-plane with an edge crack. Rolling contact is simulated by moving a load distribution on the boundary of a half-plane. The calculation of the crack path and stress intensity factors is carried out by the step-by-step process on the basis of the singular integral equations method. The effect of the friction coefficient and considering two concentrated moving load on the crack growth path for different angles between the initial crack and boundary of the half-plane and remaining life of a surface under the fatigue rolling contact for 75XГCT steel is analyzed. The results of this analysis are compared with results from previous model. According to the results of the remaining life obtained by increasing the numbers of moving loads on the contact surface the remaining life decrease and get closer to the real state. Furthermore, the remaining life decreases with increasing friction coefficient.

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Residual stresses of those which remain in the material even after removing the entire external load. Residual stresses may be compressive or tensile depending on the type of the external loads. Compressive residual stresses improve the mechanical properties particularly the fatigue life of material. Compressive residual stresses can be induced by different techniques. Due to its easiness and low cost, deep rolling is one of the widely used techniques in industry to create compressive residual tresses. Deep rolling process is numerically simulated in this work and the effects of some important rolling parameters such as ball diameter, feed rate, penetration depth, and number of passes on the distribution of residual stress are investigated. Chaboche cyclic plasticity model is used in the simulations. The constants of the Chaboche model are calculated from the strain control cyclic tests on Al 7075. The results are validated using the experimental and numerical results reported in the literature. The results indicate that the depth and magnitude of the compressive residual stress increase with the ball diameter increase, depth of penetration and number of passes. Also, the value of residual stress and its uniformity decrease by increasing the feed rate. In addition, Chaboche cyclic plasticity model can simulate material behavior in a low cycle loading such as deep rolling and using finite element method instead of experimental methods for measuring residual stresses reduces cost and time of solution and reveals more depth of residual stress distribution.

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Cold tube rolling process is one of the current seamless tube manufacturing methods. One of the serious problems of this process is micro-cracks in final product. Numerical modeling is a method to predict and reduce these micro-cracks. In the current paper damage in cold three-roller pilger process is simulated by finite element method. In these simulations to predict damage evolution three different damage models, including Lemaitre model, modified Lemaitre model and cumulative damage model are used. In conjunction with these models isotropic and combined hardening rules is also considered. Forming benchmarks are simulated to validate provided codes for the mentioned models. Then the process is simulated and good agreement is observed between current results and previous numerical and experimental results. The results show that three models correctly predict damage distribution but predicted damage by Lemaitre model is more than modified Lemaitre model due to ignoring crack closure in compressive loads. It is also concluded that using combined hardening rule predict damage growth less than using isotropic hardening. all of the models suggest that crack initiation take place in the outer surface of the tube .

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The present study was conducted in the central region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan comprising seven districts: Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan, Swabi, Kohat and Hangu, during 2010. The objective was to analyze the perceived effect of Farmer Field School (FFS) approach on farmers’ capacity in controlling pre- and post- harvest losses. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected from 280 randomly selected farmer respondents. The analysis revealed that FFS had remarkably built up farmers’ capacity in controlling pre and post-harvest losses caused by rodents, birds, immature harvesting/picking, and inappropriate packing, storing, and transportation of the produce. Furthermore, FFS helped farmers in reducing losses at the market and controlling grain borer, wheat weevil, and store weevils effectively. The study concluded that the highest improvement as a result of FFS activities was in controlling losses by rodents, proper packaging and labeling of the produce, and controlling some stored grain pests like grain borer and wheat weevil. By and large, farmers’ capacity was built up in almost all aspects of controlling pre- and post-harvest losses, except a few i.e. losses due to immature harvesting of crops, and controlling losses caused by store insects, which needed special focus of the authorities concerned. 

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Detecting and Preventing wheels slipping is at the core of all researches related to railway vehicle dynamics. In this paper, three fast non-elliptic contact models are evaluated and compared to each other in terms of contact patch, pressure and traction distributions as well as the creep forces. Among them Johnson and Kalker method was really useful to the similar problems while the common assumption is elastic half-space that many errors could be made especially in gauge-corner contact. Based on the conclusions drawn from this evaluation, two new methods is proposed which results in more accurate contact patch and pressure distribution estimation while maintaining the same computational efficiency. The Beam and Bristle model are proposed for tire engineering in automotive industries but they can predict slip in wheel-rail contact too. New methods are typically used for tire engineering. Tire engineering usually is dealing with higher values of slippage than there is rail engineering. So that they can be applied into the saturation zone. At last a FEM analysis will be done for evaluating the methods proposed. Also in the special case there is similar experimental projects done by other scientists. It should be noted that good agreement between FEM analysis results, tire engineering models, experimental results has been found for several contact applications including S1002 wheel profile over UIC60 rail profile for four different initial braking speed 30, 60, 100, 140 km/h have been compared with experimental results.

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Some appropriate characteristics like corrosion resistance, higher strength, and higher thermal and electrical conductivities cause that applications of clad sheets have been recently increased significantly in industries like production of electrical and electronic switches. In this paper, an analytical solution based on the slab method analysis is presented to investigate the asymmetrical rolling of unbonded clad sheet. Roll radii, roll speeds, friction condition between surfaces, as well as the yield stress ratio of material of sheets are parameters of the asymmetrical rolling that considered in this paper. The non-uniformity of the shear stresses and the uniformity of the normal stresses at the vertical sides of each slab across the portion of the deformation material is taken into account through the plastic region. The behavior of material in plastic region is considered to be rigid-perfectly plastic. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the simultaneous effect of back and front tension and asymmetrical parameters on normal stresses and pressure distributions along the contact area of rolls and sheets for the first time in order to decrease pressure and force in the process. The effects of these parameters on the positions of the neutral points on the upper and lower rolls are also investigated. Moreover, the maximum back and front tensions to avoid slipping of the sheet are determined. The results show that by applying the proper amounts of tensions to the sheet at the entry and exit of deformation zone, pressure and force values could be reduced, considerably.

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Equal channel angular rolling process (ECAR) is one of the newest processes in the severe plastic deformation methods (SPD) that changes the mechanical properties of the sheet metal. In this study, the effects of ECAR process have been investigated on the corrosion behavior of the pure commercial copper samples. Five routs have been applied on the samples to investigate the mentioned parameters. Also, the corrosion rates were examined by the polarization and electrochemical impedance methods. The results show that the process has destructive effect on corrosion resistance of the samples. The results from SEM examination indicates that, with increasing the number of passes, the surface corrosion increases too and with increasing the passes pitting corrosion is clearly visible. Although with increasing the number of passes the uniformity of corrosion can be seen and positional mode is exited. Generally, the corrosion increases from the first pass to the second pass. Also, the more diameter and depth of corrosion is observed with increasing the pass number. The corrosion increase at the third pass and the corrosion type is pitting corrosion and uniform corrosion in the sample.

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The poor formability of Mg results in crack and failure in workpiece material during rolling process and limits its applications in different industries. Numerical modeling of the process can guarantee that the required product properties are met with a minimum production cost. The numerical modeling of the rolling processes requires the coupling of several models including different physical phenomena such as the deformation of the workpiece with its thermo-metallurgical evolution and the thermal evolution of the rolls with its mechanical deformation. On the other hand, in finite element modeling of the rolling process, the meshes of the workpiece are often highly distorted. The high distortion in meshes decreases the confidence in the predicted results. Many formulations based on the viscoelasticity behavior of workpiece material are encountered in the literature to model the rolling process, each with their pros and cons. This present work introduces the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) formulation, in which the workpiece is divided into three regions (unrolled, in rolling deformation, rolled) to simulate material flow during the process. The comparison of the results with the literature shows that the temperature and strain fields are well predicted by the proposed model. All of the simulations have been done in the two-dimensional mode with ABAQUS/Explicit software.

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In the present study, using a new method, dual-phase (DP) steel with high strength and good ductility was produced from plain carbon steel with 0.16% carbon. The DP steel with ferrite-martensite structure was obtained using austenitizing, quenching, asymmetric cold rolling, and intercritical annealing at temperatures of 770 and 800 °C and short holding times of 1 and 5 min. Due to the application of uniform shear strain through asymmetric cold rolling, a uniform distribution of the martensite phase was observed in the RD-TD and RD-ND planes. By increasing the holding time, the volume fraction of martensite increased from 8% to 12% at 770 °C and from 10% to 33% at 800 °C for the holding times of 1 and 5 min, respectively. Hardness and strength improved with increasing temperature and time of intercritical annealing. The sample produced at a temperature of 800 °C and a time of 5 minutes showed excellent mechanical properties such as 244 HV hardness and 1020 MPa strength and 12.5% ​​ductility. In addition, due to the high volume fraction of martensite and the consequent reduction of its carbon content, the hardness of this phase decreased and as a result, it showed significant plastic deformation and high strain hardening. The fracture surface of all produced DP steels mainly included dimples, which indicates ductile fracture behavior.

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In this study, aluminum-to-copper welding was performed by friction stir welding (FSW) process and then the mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated and compared with the ones rolled to reductions of 30 and 60 percent. Tensile strengths (UTS) of the joints were 99 MPa, 143 MPa, and 132 MPa, for the initial weld, 30% rolling reduction, and 60% rolling reduction, respectively and in the non-rolled weld specimen, fracture occurred from the aluminum base material but in rolled welds, the fracture occurred precisely from the weld interface. Microstructural studies of the weld region and fracture surface of the specimens showed that the Al₄Cu₉ and Al₃Cu intermetallic compounds, which are the most common intermetallic compounds in this type of dissimilar joining, formed in these areas. The presence of these compounds at the weld interface and propagation cracking during rolling has been one of the important factors in the failure of the weld interface in the rolled specimens. Results of the hardness test also confirmed the existence of these intermetallic compounds. By increasing the percentage of rolling reduction from 30% to 60%, the welding strength decreased due to the increase in the number of micro-cracks of the intermetallic compounds. Finally, it can be said that by choosing the optimal percentage reduction in the rolling process (30%), can be significantly increased (about 43%).  the ultimate tensile strength of dissimilar Al/Cu joints produced by friction stir welding (FSW).

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In the current research, the effect of strain path by two processes of conventional asymmetric rolling and asymmetric cross rolling, as well as natural aging on the microstructure and hardness of AA7075 aluminum alloy was investigated. The microstructure was examined by light microscopy and the hardness by macro-Vickers hardness tester. The results showed that the rolled sample (initial sample) had elongated grains due to rolling and the average width of the grains in this sample was 13.4 μm. By applying conventional asymmetric rolling up to 60%, the grains became more elongated and the average grain width reached 2.6 μm. By performing asymmetric cross rolling up to 40%, the average grain width reached 3.7 μm. The distribution of particles did not change significantly with rolling deformation. Shear bands were also formed in the sample after 40% and 60% conventional asymmetric rolling, as well as after 40% asymmetric cross rolling. At zero aging time, the hardness of the 60% conventionally rolled sample was higher than the 40% cross rolled sample. With increasing the aging time, the hardness of all samples increased due to natural aging. As the thickness reduction percentage increased (increasing the strain), the hardness increase percentage due to natural aging decreased. The increase in hardness due to natural aging was more noticeable in the cross-rolling process than in the conventional rolling process. After 7 days of natural aging, the hardness of the material reached its saturation limit.
 

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Fualts in rolling bearings are one of the main reasons for the failure of rotating machinery. faults detection rolling bearing has played an essential role in the reliable performance of production units. In addition, condition monitoring of machinery using vibration analysis is one of the most powerful tools in measuring the health of mechanical systems. This research proposes an intelligent system for detecting defects in rolling bearings based on vibration analysis. In the intelligent faults detection system, the extracted features of the vibration signals in the time domain and the radial basis function neural network are used. The train and test datasets are presented to the radial basis function neural network intelligent system. The results of neural network learning show the very successful performance of the intelligent fault diagnosis system in detecting the health state and triple fault states of rolling bearings