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Smart materials and shells affect on represent the space and identity of a society with their special activity and like any technology and element, it has its own effects and consequences and it can be said that based on the visual attractions and philosophy of the age of communication and visualization the culture of societies founded. The aim of this research is explaination of these effects on urban smart surfaces from psychological and intellectual and cultural anomalies aspects and helping designers to use it logically and in accordance with the culture and smart buildings of the community. The present research has a positive-content aspect and from another aspect, has a normative-content structure. Also, the research method includes descriptive and analytical research along with qualitative strategy, because it addresses contemporary social and cultural conditions. Data collection is based on library studies and documentation. The physical and material effects of smart shells that make urban facades based on perceptual visual cultures in perceptual aspects are criticized: truth and reality, time and space, experience and event, equality and justice, knowledge and information in a society and consider equal the meaning of firmness with persistence, generosity with lavishness, tolerance with indifference, adherence to affection and beauty with pretense and and in sensual aspects: Unity, distance and distance from the world, distorting other senses, undermining the message and meaning of the sender of the message, separation, isolation, apparent attachment, limiting taste, inhumanity of architecture and urbanization would be the results of increasing use of them.

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a catastrophe happened years ago in the palace of rich and famous family of Cenci in Rome that ignited the creation of a play named The Cenci by two significant playwrights with different approaches and writing ideas. This study is a comparative analysis of different approaches of these two writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s theory, regarding the popular romanticism movement in the 19th century England and Antonin Artaud’s theory, considering his beliefs on the theater of cruelty. The purpose of this paper is to find the intellectual similarities and differences between these two writers in their approach toward the same historical event and their standpoint on its link to the theater and the text. Poetic verbal descriptions are significant in Shelley’s work; while Artaud, with his opposition to the literature of theater, tries to emphasize on directing and performance and writing the play with his favorite functions and performing methods. The comparative analysis of these two plays will describe their thematic differences. The results of this study suggest that in order to subtract the violence of Cenci’s event, Percy Bysshe Shelley has limited himself to the events that only take place in dialogues and those which show the actions of characters in different acts just in speech; however, Antonin Artaud presents the violent actions in the present time and with a redoubled rage by using mute characters and omitting subsidiary scenes.

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The aim of the present study was to identify the phytoplankton species which producing domoic acid and okadaic acid toxins in coastal waters of Banar Abbas city, and to determine the concentration of domoic acid and okadaic acid toxins in water and shellfish samples.Water sampling was performed in winter 2015 and summer 2016 from coastal areas overlooking the discharge of municipal and industrial effluents. Shellfish were collected from the coasts of Bandar Abbas and Bandar-e- Lengeh. Phytoplankton toxins were measured by kit method and instrumental analysis based on ELIZA method.Pseudonitzschia delicatissima, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Pseudo-nitzschia seriata were identified in the production of domoic acid, while Dinophysis caudate and Prorocentrum Lima were recorded as okadaic acid producers in the coastal waters of Bandar Abbas. Water-soluble okadaic acid showed significantly higher concentrations than domoic acid. Instudied shellfish samples (Circenita callipyga, Barbatia candida, Telescopium telescopiumandThalessa savignyi), the measured concentrations of okadaic acid ranged from 59.8 ± 2.38 to 121.96 ± 28.25 μg / kg. This value for domoic acid was from 0.85 to 83.59 ± 38.72 μg / kg.Compared to the guideline values, the observed concentrations of okadaic acid and domoic acid toxins in the studied shellfish were lower than the allowable level.  But this value was recorded for the water-soluble domoic acid above the allowable value, which requires continuous monitoring to achieve the quantitative and qualitative pattern of phytoplankton toxins in order to support the safety of the marine ecosystem users in Hormozgan province.

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Aims: The study of natural shells has long been considered by architects. This research focuses on investigation and recognition of "Rotationally Symmetrical Synclastic" shells (RSS shells). It aims to promote and introduce the structural capabilities of RSS shells in architecture in order to promote the use of the bird eggshell pattern in nature.
Methods: The research method is mixture of the descriptive-analytical and the comparative methodology; with the use of the primary sources, MATLAB analytical software, and parametric analysis of the optimality of bird eggshell surfaces as examples of natural RSS shells. The research method is set to introduce how to use the optimal and functional capabilities of these surfaces in architecture.
Findings: First, an introduction of RSS shells and their morphology is presented with an emphasis on bird eggshells. Next, the issue of bird eggshell optimality and the usability of optimal forms and structures of these shells in architecture is discussed. Finally, after interpreting and analyzing the data, a parametric analysis of the optimality of eggshell surfaces was carried out, which informed the use of similar RSS shells in architecture.
Conclusion: By using digital analysis tools in parametric modeling of bird eggshells, more optimal RSS shells can be achieved in contemporary architecture. Shells with minimal materials and the ability to run faster and easier than other shells, which can be suitable coverings for large spans.

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The trend toward sustainable development of the environment and economy has led to a large-scale debate on the use of seafood wastes. In recent years shrimp has been a major part of the food industry. The accumulated waste of shrimp without proper use has resulted in the destruction of the resources and problems of waste disposal and environmental pollution. Shrimp waste fermentation with microorganisms is a method for recovering biologically active material. Bacterial chitinase is considered as a degenerate enzyme .In this study, chitin degrading bacteria were isolated from different environment and then the most efficient strain was selected. The isolate identified by Microscopic, physiological and molecular characteristics and sequencing the 16SrRNA gene and compared with the Bacillus licheniformis strain, the highest rate of chitinase has been reported so far. The isolated strain identified as Bacillus altitudinis can ferment shrimp shell as the only sources of energy and produce high-temperature chitinase, with a 5.1 U/mL activity of over a period of 4 days, and 65.6 mg/l protein on semisolid shrimp shell. While it does not grow on the agar under normal conditions, therefore, its use can't cause pollution to the environment. As a result, the activity of chitinase, its simple and inexpensive method of concentration by heat, high enzyme resistance at high temperatures, activity in a wide range of pH and the use of cheap shrimp shell substrate show the superior functional quality of this strain in shrimp shell fermentation.
 

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In the initial steps of grass-root projects, heat exchangers cost estimation for proper decision making regarding network optimization design through pinch technology is very important. It is necessary to forecast the cost of a heat exchanger through cost estimation equations. In this article, the cost estimation equations of heat exchanger and the heat exchangers network for shell and tube heat exchangers and plate and frame heat exchangers are obtained. These equations are the function of heat transfer area by available prices in Iran. The proposed relations for Shell and tube heat exchangers are in the maximum operating pressure region of shell and tube side between 1.2–41 bars and made of two types of material: carbon steel and stainless steel 316. Furthermore, plate and frame heat exchangers relations in two regions of the inlet cold flow lower than 30 cubic meters and between 30 to 50 cubic meters are obtained. These plate and frame heat exchangers are made of stainless steel 316. Moreover, here the error of the proposed equations is studied.

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Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of glucosamine hydrochloride (G-HCl), glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride (GS-Na) and glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride (GS-K) isolated from the shells of Litopenaeus vannamei obtained from a shrimp processing plant.
Materials &Methods: G-HCl was synthesized via hydrolysis of chitin with concentrated HCl followed by several sequential decolorization, crystallization and washing steps. Using G-HCl as the precursor, addition of sodium and potassium sulfates at 40 ºC for 1 h resulted in production of GS-Na and GS-K.
Findings: The yield of chitin was found 19.9% and those of glucosamine products ranged between 75.5%-82.5%. The HPAEC-PAD indicated the presence of glucosamine monomers, as compared with commercial standard, with different elution time to that of glucose. The appearance of characteristic signals of O-H, N-H and C-O-C in the FT-IR spectra provided further support of glucosamine successful isolation. SEM images and EDX spectra of glucosamines confirmed the elemental compositions of samples and their polyhedral crystalline structures. DSC and TGA thermograms indicated endothermic and exothermic peaks specific to glucosamine products. Relatively low DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing power was obtained for all glucosamine products. all the glucosamine derivatives indicated an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-simulated RAW264.7 cells.
Conclusion: Glucosamine products showed no cytotoxicity and down-regulated the release of NO in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells induced by LPS. Overall, the present results indicated the successful production of glucosamine from the waste of L. vannamei processing plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
 

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In this paper, an approximate solution using layer-wise theory for the vibration analysis of rotating laminated cylindrical shells with ring and stringer stiffeners under axial load and pressure is presented. The cylindrical shells are stiffened with uniform interval and it is assumed that the stiffeners have the same material and geometric properties and cylindrical shell reinforced by outer stiffeners while stiffeners are treated as discrete elements. The equations of motion are derived by the Hamilton’s principle. In deriving the governing equations three-dimensional elasticity theory are used and the study includes the effects of the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations and the initial hoop tension. The layer-wise theory is used to discretize the equations of motion and the related boundary conditions through the thickness of the shells. The edges of the shell are restrained by simply supported boundary conditions. The presented results are compared with those available in the literature and also with the FE results and excellent agreement is observed. Finally, the results obtained include the relationship between frequency characteristics of stiffened cylindrical shell and different geometry of stiffeners, stiffener type, rotating velocities, amplitude of pressure and amplitude of axial load.

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In this paper, simulation and analysis of thin steel cylindrical shells of various lengths and diameters and thickness with triangular cutouts have been studied. In this research buckling and post-buckling analyses were carried out using the finite element method by ABAQUS software. Moreover, the effect of cutout position and the length-to-diameter (L/D) and diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratios on the buckling and post-buckling behavior of cylindrical shells have been investigated. In this work the cylindrical shells used for this study were made of mild steel and their mechanical properties were determined using servo hydraulic machine. Then buckling tests were performed using a servo hydraulic machine. In order to numerical analyze the buckling subject to axial load similar to what was done in the experiments; a displacement was applied to the center of the upper of the specimens. The results of experimental tests were compared to the results of the finite element method. A very good correlation was observed between numerical simulation and experimental result.

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In this paper the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is implemented to study the vibration of a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) cylindrical shell. Displacement field equations, based on Donnell and first order shear deformation theory, are taken into consideration. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to different volume fraction functions. A FGM cylindrical shell made up of a mixture of ceramic and metal is considered herein. The set of governing equations of motion are numerically solved by the Meshless method in which a new variational trial-functional is constructed to derive the stiffness and mass matrices so the natural frequencies are obtained in various boundary conditions by using discretization procedure and solving the general eigenvalue problem. The influences of some commonly used boundary conditions, variations of volume fractions and effects of shell geometrical parameters are studied. The results show the convergence characteristics and accuracy of the mentioned method.

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In this paper, the free vibration of a two-dimensional functionally graded circular cylindrical shell is analyzed.To describe the material properties of the two-phased FGM material Mori–Tanaka micromechanical model is used. The spatial derivatives of the equations of motion and boundary conditions are discretized using the methods of generalized differential – Integral quadrature (GDIQ). To validate the results, comparisons are made with the solutions for FG cylindrical shells available in the literature. The results of this study show that the values of natural frequency of 2D FGMs are higher than those of 1D FGMs in parallel conditions. Furthermore, application of a confining elastic foundation increases the value of natural frequencies. The results of this study show that the values of natural frequency of 2D FGMs are higher than those of 1D FGMs in parallel conditions. Furthermore, application of a confining elastic foundation increases the value of natural frequencies. The results of this study show that the values of natural frequency of 2D FGMs are higher than those of 1D FGMs in parallel conditions. Furthermore, application of a confining elastic foundation increases the value of natural frequencies.

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In this paper, ratcheting behavior of stainless steel 304L cylindrical shells under cyclic combined and axial loadings are studied, experimentally. Tests were performed by a servo-hydraulic INSTRON 8802 machine and the shells were fixed normal and oblique under 20 degree and subjected to cyclic loads. In this paper, the effect of length of cylindrical shell and the effect of angle of cylindrical shell on ratcheting behavior were investigated. Based on the experimental results, it was found that bending moment plays a crucial role in waste of energy and increase in plastic deformations. Seen that due to the existence of bending moment in different cross section of oblique cylindrical shell, there are more plastic deformation and accumulation in comparison to normal cylindrical shell. Also, analyzing the loading history of cylindrical shell under combined loading, it has been seen that by keeping the mean force at constant value while increasing the force amplitude, the ratcheting displacement became higher and by the prior load with higher force amplitude retards the ratcheting behavior and plastic deformation with samller force amplitude.

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Grid stiffened composite shells are one of the most important structures in aerospace industries. In this study critical buckling load of these structures with diamond shape stiffeners under axial loading based on smeared method is presented. The effect of shell thickness, angle of fibers in shell and the direction of stiffeners into the buckling load is determined. First-order shear deformation theory based upon the Ritz method is used to calculation of critical buckling load of these structures. In the use of FSDT theory, transverse shear forces in stiffeners have been considered. The results are compared with FEM solution with clamped boundary condition.

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In order to analyze fatigue life of reinforced cylindrical shells, it is necessary to calculate stress and strain fields of the structure. The cost of three dimensional stress analysis of this structure is very high with respect to its geometric complexity. So the stress analysis of the problem is performed by shell-to-solid sub-modeling technique. For this purpose, the reinforced cylindrical shell is modeled using shell elements at first, which in this case all the bolts, rivets and spot welds are considered as bushing elements. Afterwards the candidate critical zones are modeled using 3D solid elements with the help of shell-to-solid sub-modeling technique and all the connections are also modeled using 3D elements. Then the fatigue life of the problem under multi-axial loading is estimated by Brown-Miller criterion. For this purpose a special script in ABAQUS software has been used.

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In this research, optimization of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with dual objectives of achieving upper heat transfer rate and lower total cost has been done by the Genetic algorithm. All geometrical constraints and standards, minimum and maximum velocity limits as well as maximum allowable pressure drops are considered in optimization process. Relations between the objective functions and optimization variables have many complexities so that the gradient approach employed by many optimization algorithms may not be adequate. Special care has been taken in employing Genetic algorithm to assure that the optimized values of variables are not trapped in local optimum domains. To evaluate the precision of computer code of current study, a comprehensive case study has been considered. The optimization has been accomplished by considering 11 variables. In a next attempt the mass flow of cooling fluid, which is the sea water in the case under study, has been added as the 12th variable. The obtained Pareto plots show that the optimized parameters suggested by this study provide upper heat transfer rate and simultaneous lower total cost relative to available results.

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In this paper, buckling and energy absorption behavior of stainless steel semi-sphere, cylindrical and conical shells under axial loading are studied. Every shell with the same mass and different shapes with and without groove is designed. In this paper the effect of shape, thickness, height, groove of shells and distance between grooves, on buckling and energy absorption were investigated. In experimental test, Samples had same mass and thickness and also grooves had same depth and distance. Experimental tests were performed by a servo-hydraulic INSTRON 8802 machine. Numerical analysis is carried out by ABAQUS software and is validated with experimental results.

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The objective of this paper is representation an analytical solution to calculate sound transmission loss (TL) of infinite thick transverse-isotropic cylindrical shell immersed in a fluid medium with an uniform external airflow and contains internal fluids where external sidewall of the shell excited by an oblique plane wave. In order to derive the governing equations the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is used. Also, equation of motion of shell is obtained using Hamilton's principle. With solving shell vibration equations and acoustic wave equations simultaneously, the exact solution for TL is obtained. Transmission loss resultant from this solution is compared with those of other authors. The results also indicate that TSDT is more powerful than FSDT and CST, especially in high frequency and less R/h.

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In this paper, the thermoelastic behavior of cylindrical sandwich shell with functionally graded (FGM) core under thermal shock is presented. Thermo mechanical properties of FGM layer are assumed to be independent of temperature and also, very continuously and smoothly functions in the radial direction as a nonlinear power function. The analytical solutions of governing partial differential equations for each layer of cylinder are solved by using Laplace transform and power series method. Mechanical boundary conditions and continuity equations for interfaces are used to obtain unknown parameters that get in recurrence equations for each layer of cylinder. The results in Laplace domain transferred to time domain by employing the fast inverse Laplace transform method (FLIT).The effects of FGM’s power on the dynamic characteristics of the FG thick sandwich cylindrical shell are studied in various points across the thickness of cylinder. The analytical presented method provides an appropriate field for analysis of transient radial and hoop stresses in a cylinder on various thermo mechanical load. Accuracy of gained equations is evaluated by similar articles. The results have a good agreement with published data in pervious researches.

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In this paper, the nonlinear behavior, instability and bifurcation phenomena in the response of a cylindrical shallow shell under lateral ‎white noise excitation are studied. The structure interacts with a general non aging viscous medium that can be modeled by relaxation or ‎creep kernels. Using the powerful FPK equation and some practical and logical simplifications, an exact solution for such complex system ‎including nonlinearity, viscoelasticity and randomness is obtained. Since all statistical properties of response such as mean, variance, ‎statistical moments, central moments, etc. can be obtained from the probability density function, the behavior of this function including the ‎number and sign of its roots and their effects on the stability, bifurcation phenomenon and the type of bifurcation is investigated and ‎studied. In this process, using some non dimensional quantities, the governing equation and the probability density function are rearranged ‎such that the results of simulations can be used for a broad band of cylindrical shallow shells. Finally, using some examples, the variations ‎of the non dimensional quantities on the whole behavior, stability and bifurcation type of response are studied. ‎