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The effect of bubbles on frictional drag reduction has been studied experimentally using a vertical Taylor-Couette system. Air bubbles are injected into water flow at the bottom of the system. The flow between cylinders is a fully turbulent flow and Taylor vortices are formed in annulus gap. In these experiments, the variations range of rotational Reynolds number is 5000<=Re_w<=70000 . The variations of drag reduction in the presence of bubbles have been investigated by measuring the exerted torque on the inner cylinder. The results show that increasing rotational Reynolds number up to a certain amount leads to enhancement of bubbles effects on drag reduction while the effects are inversed for higher rotational Reynolds number. In this work, the acquired maximum drag reduction is about 5%.

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In previous studies, there is no comprehensive experimental study that has evaluated dissimilarity between heat transfer and momentum transfer for all the interactions between effective variables. On the other hand, when a rectangular cylinder is located near a flat plate, skin friction coefficient and heat transfer coefficient are effected some variables that change in an extensive range. Therefore, testing all possible combinations of effective variables will not be reasonable. In this paper, maximum and minimum of skin friction coefficients and heat transfer coefficients were determined using robust Taguchi design. Design of experiments method was applied for decreasing the number of experiments without losing the required information in the first step. Then, experiments were performed in a wind tunnel, the maximum speed of which was 13 m/s. Finally, skin friction coefficient and heat transfer coefficient were optimized using Taguchi method and Minitab software. Results showed that dissimilarity between heat transfer and momentum transfer has occurred for all the possible combinations of the effective variables. Additionally, the gap height between the rectangular cylinder and flat plate was the most effective variable on generating the dissimilarity.

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Superhydrophobic surfaces have gained significant attention as a promising approach for drag reduction of submerged objects. Accurate evaluation and prediction of drag reduction induced by these surfaces require expensive experimental measurements, numerical simulations, or the development of reliable models and correlations. In this paper, a model is proposed for calculating the skin friction coefficient and drag reduction of superhydrophobic flat surfaces. Utilizing previous data on the skin friction coefficient of flat surfaces under no-slip boundary conditions, a model is developed to estimate the skin friction reduction and skin friction coefficient of these surfaces after applying superhydrophobic coatings. The validity of the model is verified by comparing its results with those of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of flow over a flat plate at different velocities. The results of the model and simulations indicate that for inlet velocities of 1, 5, and 25 m/s and a slip length of 50 μm, drag reductions of 15%, 41%, and 77%, respectively, are expected. Additionally, the skin friction reduction increases with increasing flow Reynolds number. The developed model is validated for flat surfaces and its ability to accurately estimate the skin friction coefficient and drag force of these surfaces is thoroughly examined. However, further investigations are required to assess the model's validity for curved surfaces and variable slip lengths.