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  In the present study the effects of extract from the peels of Ramus potato variety as a natural antioxidant in refined soybean oil were investigated using the Schaal oven and Rancimat methods. Phenolic antioxidants of potato peels were extracted by two different solvent extraction methods (Solvent with methanol and ultrasound-assisted method with different solvents including methanol, ethanol, hexane, acetone and water ). The total phenolic compounds were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Maximum amount of extract was obtained with water, followed by methanol and ethanol but maximum amount of phenolics was obtained                                                            with methanol, followed by water and ethanol by ultrasound method. Sonication improved the total phenolic compounds of the potato peel extract and shortened the extraction times.                                                                                                   After 16 days storage at 63°C,soy bean oil containing 200, 800, 1600, and 2400 ppm of  methanolic extract of potato peels, attained lower peroxide values (PV , 42.67 , 37.35 , 24.65 and 19.09 meq/kg, respectively) than the control sample (PV , 64.08 meq/kg ) indicating strong antioxidant activity. Oils treated with 200 ppm of BHA, BHT and TBHQ attaind PVs of 33.20 , 28.88 and 9.96 meq/kg, respectively, after 16 days storage at 63°C. Also, results Rancimat (at 90,120,150°C) showed that potato peel extract, at concentrations of 1600 and 2400 ppm exhibited strong antioxidant activity which was almost equal to synthetic antioxidants (BHA & BHT).                                                                                                                                                     

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In comparison with traditional extraction methods, aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from oilseeds is a recent clean technology. This paper reports work performed at laboratory scale to extract soybean oil by aqueous enzymatic extraction method. In the present work the influence of enzymes concentration, extraction time, dilution ratio, particle size and 3 interactions in the final yield are evaluated and process parameters have been optimized by Taguchi method.16 extraction experiments carried out, statistical analysis showed that particle size was the most significant variable in oil extraction. Themaximal oil extraction yield was 61.42%.

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Soybean oil is the most important vegetable oil, which is produced in the world because of  oil good quality and high yield. The quality is affected by factors such as damage to the seeds of soybean oil, high humidity, high temperatures during storage and processing, exposure to air (oxygen), especially at high temperatures, contact with oxidizing agents Starter and exposure to light altered. The purpose of this study was to determine the best conditions for optimization of products and maintenance of test oil was to prevent the destruction of its chemical oxidant and corruption. In the present study the stability of soybean oil peroxide index aggravating factors that affect corruption oxidative the time of production, was assessed. The results of the average of 4 replicates Peroxide samples of soybean oil under different levels of temperature, antioxidants, and the amount of iron metal showed that the effects of temperature, antioxidants and iron metal on Peroxide soybean oil at 1% level is significant. The interaction of temperature - temperature antioxidants - iron was significant at the 1% level. Peroxide highest maximum level temperature of the oil at 80°C. The amount of antioxidant added to the oil, soybean oil had a significant effect on the peroxide index was 1% level. The maximum amount of oil in the peroxide index absence of antioxidants in the oil obtained. Levels of iron metal significant effect on the rate of 1% soybean oil peroxide index showed. Peroxide highest amount of iron in soybean oil was obtained 3 ppm and temperature of 80°C.    

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Nowadays, finding new resources of vegetal antioxidants in order to use them in food (as an additive or alternative with artificial antioxidants) is an important research subject in the field of food science and technology. In this research methanolic extracts of green and black raspberry leaves were examined in antioxidant properties, total phenolic content (TPC) and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Entherococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, Yercinia enthrocolitica and Shigella dysenteria. then, three concentrations of each extract (200, 400, and 600 ppm) were applied in free antioxidant-purified soybean oil. The oils were kept in 60° C for a period of one month. After storage, Peroxide index, Iodine index, and Acidity value of oil samples were determined. According to the results, in all concentration of extracts, green leaves extract (GLE) had more antioxidant activity (0.7- 87%) and TPC (103±0.1 mg/g dry matter) significantly than black leaves extract (BLE). In antimicrobial activity, GLE in the minimum concentration of 7.12 mg/ml had an antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and in the minimum concentration of 28.5 mg/ml inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium, Yercinia enthrocolitica. But BLE did not show any effects on growth of investigated microbes. In the quality tests of oil samples, with an increase in the concentration of GLE, acidity, Iodine index, and peroxide index increased significantly. At the end, it was concluded that oil samples containing 200 ppm, had better quality and stability than samples containing 200 ppm Propyl Gallate (market soybean oil).

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In this study, the effect of application of chicken fat (compared to soybean oil) in formulation of chicken sausage was evaluated. To do this, samples of chicken sausage (70 % meat) were made using different ratios (5, 10, 15 %) of chicken fat or soybean oil in pilot scale (10 kg) following the common industrial production methods and evaluated for their properties. Sausages containing chicken fat were not significantly different from samples containing soybean oil in terms of protein and ash content (p>0.05). However, moisture content of sausages containing chicken fat was higher (p<0.05). In terms of texture profile analysis, sausages made with chicken fat were harder (p<0.05). On the other hand, with increase of chicken fat level from 5 to 15 %, hardness increased; however, increase of soybean oil level in formulation, led to the decrease of sausage hardness (p<0.05). Sausages containing chicken fat had lower resilience value. The highest cohesiveness was observed in sausages containing 5 or 10 % soybean oil and the lowest in sausage containing 15 % chicken fat (p<0.05). With increase of oil or fat level, chewiness of sausage was decreased. Sausages made with chicken fat had higher chewiness value (p<0.05). The lowest chewiness value was observed in sausage made with 15 % soybean oil. Fat type and level had no effect on adhesiveness and springiness of sausages (p>0.05). In terms of color indices, sausages containing chicken fat were lighter (higher L index) and had greater a (redness) and b (yellowness) indices (p<0.05).

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Quality and nutritional properties of oils are the most important factors in food technology. Olive oil is fairly nutritious. Apart from its beneficial fatty acids, it contains modest amounts of phytosterols. Thus, this research studies the efficiency of the determinations of fatty acids and phytosterols in the detection of adulteration of olive oil with certain vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition of oil samples was carried out by Liquid-Gas chromatography and the amount of phytosterols was measured through TLC sheets. Results showed that the main fatty acids in the olive oils were Oleic acid (C18:1), Palmitic acid (C16:0), and Linoleic acid (C18:2). In general, the addition of Sunflower and Soybean oils to Olive oil increased the amount of Linoleic acid, PUFA, PUFA/SFA, Iodine value, Cox value, Campestrol, and Stigmasterol but decreased Oleic acid, MUFA, MUFA/PUFA, OSI, IPpv, β-sitosterol, and Delta 5-avenasterol. It can be conducted that low amount of Campestrol is the most effective factor in identifying adulteration of Olive oil with Sunflower and Soybean oils.
 

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The purpose of present study was preparation of the carnauba wax/adipic acid combined oleogel and its application as a replacer of shortening in the cake. As results, the replacement of 50% shortening with carnauba wax/adipic acid oleogel significantly (p < 0.05) caused to maintain of moisture content of cake samples during storage time. However, the addition of oleogels decreased the values of moisture, specific volume and porosity in the cake samples. The results of texture profile analyses exhibited that the replacement of 50% shortening with carnauba wax/adipic acid oleogel improved the texture profile of cake especially its hardness. The lowest peroxide value (0.96 ± 0.05 meqO₂/kg) was attributed to the formulated cake by carnauba wax/adipic acid oleogel at the end of 90-day storage. Additionally, the formulated cake by carnauba wax/adipic acid oleogel showed nearest sensory acceptance to control sample. In conclusion, the application of carnauba wax/adipic acid combined oleogel as a replacer of shortening in the cake and other bakery products can provide the great promise for develop healthier and safety food products.
 

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Olive oil due to its unique properties and characteristics in terms of nutrition has a very high and well-known position in various societies, but due to the high price of this product is always threatened by all kinds of fraud. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in small amounts (about 0.35%) in fats and oils. In this study, the fraud of adding vegetable oils (palm, soybean and corn) to olive oil was investigated by comparing the profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The mixture statistical design was used to design experiments related to the measurement of tocopherols. After dissolving in n-hexane, the counterfeit oil samples were injected into HPLC with NH₂ column chromatography and 294 and 320 nm fluorescence detectors, respectively, for stimulation and diffusion to identify and analyze tocopherols and tocotrienols. Among all tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol was predominant in olive oil. Therefore, if combined with other oils, the initial composition of tocopherols changes. Among the oils added to olive oil, palm oil had a very significant effect on the peak area of the tocotrienols. Palm and corn oil had a significant effect on the beta-tocopherol peak. In the mixture of olive oil with corn and soybean oil, the amount of gamma-tocopherol increased significantly. Soybean oil had a significant effect on the peak of delta-tocopherol. Therefore, it can be concluded that delta-tocopherol is an indicator of fraud in adding soybean oil to olive oil. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the fraudulent addition of palm, soybean and corn oils to olive oil. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable method for identifying and determining fraudulent olive oil.

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Nowadays, the use of natural antioxidants to increase the shelf life of foods has increased. In this study, kiwifruit peel extract was obtained by probe sonication at two intensities of 50 and 80% and ultrasonic bath. The free phenolic of bath ultrasound (265.88 mg/g), and bonded phenol in two intensities 50% (60.36 mg /g) and 80% (63.83 mg/g) had antioxidant activity in DPPH free radical scavenging method. Nano-encapsulated phenolic compound was performed using garden cress seed gum. All three nano-encapsulated phenols had nanometer size (146.5-172.3 nm) and negative zeta potential. In order to compare the antioxidant activity of free and bonded phenolic compounds nano-encapsulated phenols at 800 ppm and synthetic antioxidant TBHQ at 100 ppm were added to soybean oil without antioxidant. The samples were stored at 60 ° C for 40 days and tests were performed on the samples for 8 days intervals. The results showed that with increasing storage time, the amount of release and sedimentation of phenolic compounds increased. Oxidation of oil increased with storage time. The lowest and highest oxidation rates were observed in TBHQ and control samples, respectively. The use of bonded phenol at 80% intensity due to no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) with the sample containing synthetic antioxidant can be used as a natural antioxidant to extend the shelf life of the oil.
 

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One of the major changes that occurs during the processing, distribution and final preparation of food is the oxidation of fats and oils, and due to the production of undesirable compounds in the oil, it has adverse effects on the health of consumers, so prevent or delay in oxidation process under thermal and storage conditions is necessary. In this study, ultrasound was used to extract the antioxidant extract of beet leaves and the best extract in terms of antioxidant power was used to increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil. In this study, 4 ultrasonic time levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 minutes) were used and the best extract in different concentrations (200, 600 and 1000 ppm) was soybean oil which was accelerated for 15 days under oxidation conditions (temperature 63 ° C). was maintained, added, and tests such as peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index and conjugated dien value were performed on the oils. The results showed that with increasing ultrasound time, the extraction efficiency of antioxidant extract, total phenol, percentage of free radical scavenging DPPH and iron reducing power increased and finally the sample obtained from 60 minutes of ultrasound was selected as the best sample. On the other hand, the results of tests performed on soybean oil showed that by increasing the concentration of antioxidants to 600 ppm, the amount of peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index and conjugated dien value decreased and with increasing the concentration of antioxidants and storage time in soybean oil These features increased. Finally, it can be stated that the use of 600 ppm of antioxidants obtained from sugar beet leaves extracted by ultrasound can compete with the synthetic antioxidant BHT and can be used to stabilize soybean oil.

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In this study, first extraction from the C. dactylon rhizomes was performed with methanol solvent using maceration method, and total phenolic compounds in the extract were identified and determined. Then the antioxidant effects of the extract in different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 ppm) on the oxidative stability factors of soybean oil including peroxide value, acidity value, thiobarbituric acid index (TBA) and rancimat value during kept of oil in an oven at 60 °C for 72 hours was evaluated and compared with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (200 ppm). The identification results of phenolic compounds by GC/MS showed that the total amount of phenolic compounds in the C. dactylon rhizomes extract was measured as 917.08 mg/kg and the major phenolic compounds of the extract including Hydroquinone (66.89%), Thymol (1.23%), Levoglucosenone (2.48%) and Vanillic acid (1.35%) were identified. With increasing the concentration of the extract, the amount of polyphenolic compounds and as a result, the free radical scavenging activity of the extract increased. Evaluation of soybean oil stability against oxidation also showed that among the studied concentrations of methanolic extract, the concentration of 1000 ppm due to having the highest amount of phenolic compounds and therefore the highest antioxidant activity, was determined as the most effective concentration level of the extract in increasing the oxidative stability of soybean oil, so that better results were obtained than BHT synthetic antioxidant at a concentration of 200 ppm. Thus, the methanolic extract of the C. dactylon rhizomes can be used as a cheap and available antioxidant source in the edible oils industry.

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Nowadays, due to the proven adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, much research has been done on using natural antioxidants, including natural extracts and essential oils, in the production of foods. One of these natural compounds is turmeric, which has traditionally been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries and is known as a functional food. in this research effect of turmeric essential oil on oxidative stability of soybean oil was evaluated. Turmeric essential oil was extracted using Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of turmeric essential oil were compared with synthetic antioxidant TBHQ during oxidation process of soybean oil for 14 days at 70 °C and peroxide value, acidity, iodine and anisidine value were measured. results showed that with increasing the concentration of turmeric essential oil, the amount of oxidation was significantly reduced. The highest antioxidant capacity were seen in samples containing 1000 ppm essential oil. Our research showed that turmeric essential oil could be used as effective natural antioxidant in oil industry.

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Degumming process is the first stage of oil refining.  Degumming process of oil by water based on insoluble phosphatide which absorbed water and separating of two oil and water phases by centrifugal force. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different time and temperature of two degumming process by bath and probe ultrasound on quality factors and reducing the amount of phosphate on soybean oil. Soybean oil degumming were done by using ultrasonic waves adjacent to 5% w/w distilled water in ultrasound bath (20KHZ) and probe ultrasound (100 W and 20KHZ) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min at 30 and 60 ° C. Also soybean oil degumming was done with water at 60 ° C for 30 min by conventional method. The amount of phosphorus, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value and alpha tocopherol of treated samples by both methods were measured. The initial phosphorus was 568 ppm, which reached to 43.2 ppm and 2.85 ppm after conventional method and sonication degumming process respectively. The peroxide value and alpha tocopherol was reduced slightly after degumming by ultrasonic waves depending on the process temperature, and the thiobarbituric acid value did not change significantly. Ultrasonic waves at lower temperatures than the conventional method are capable to separating phosphorus of crude oil and as an alternative to the conventional method of adjacent to water, it hasn’t got harmful effect on the oil.
 

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Oxidation of lipids in food is one of the most important factors in food degradation during processing, storage and distribution through adverse effects on aroma, color, nutritional value and also the production of toxic compounds. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effects of free grape pomace extract and nanoliposomes containing it on some oxidation parameters of soybean oil. In this study, 5 concentrations of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace extract (50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm), one level (200 ppm) of synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and one concentration (500 ppm) of free grape pomace extract were used and tests such as Acidity, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index, conjugate diene, oxidative stability and refractive index of oils were stored in a laboratory oven at 63 ° C for 7 days. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of nanoliposomes containing antioxidants of grape pomace extract up to 500 ppm, the increase in acidity, thiobarbituric acid index, peroxide, conjugated diene and refractive index was less intense, but at higher concentrations of nanoliposomes used in this oil, Increased more. On the other hand, it was found that with increasing storage time, the amount of acidity, thiobarbituric acid, conjugated diene increased, but the amount of peroxide and refractive index of oils increased until the fifth day and then decreased. The results also showed that the highest oxidative stability of oils (7.6 h) was related to the sample containing 500 ppm nanoliposomes containing antioxidant extract of grape pomace. Finally, it can be said that the use of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace antioxidant extract is a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants on the market.

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Encapsulated sodium-selenite at different concentration (100, 300, 500, 700 and 900 mg/20cc) with Arabic-gum (25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%) and analogous Farsi gum (5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%) as wall materials by solvent evaporation method was studied. Ethanol in different purity as solvent was used (80%, 84%, 88%, 92%, 96%). The optimization of microcapsules based on the highest encapsulation-efficiency and smallest microcapsules-size with usage of RSM analyze were surveyed. Based on mentioned parameters 2 optimum conditions were chosen. The first-one was a condition where the samples produced with 107mg sodium-selenite in 20cc sprayed solution, 29% and 1% Arabic-gum and Farsi-gum respectively. The ethanol-purity was 96%. In this condition the encapsulation efficiency was 99.71% whereas the microcapsules-size was 30/46µm. The second-condition was followed by 307mg sodium-selenite in 20cc sprayed solution, 29% and 1% Arabic-gum and Farsi-gum with ethanol-purity of 96%. The result of 97.73% encapsulation efficiency and the size of 47.46µm obtained. Finally 490ppm capsules of the first condition and 176ppm capsules of second condition (equal to 8.6ppm sodium-selenite salt), synthesized BHA (200ppm) and sodium-selenite salt (8/6ppm) were added to a free anti-oxidant soybean oil and were kept at 55°C at 0, 23 and 46 days which was equal with 20°C at 0, 180, 360 days. In this condition peroxide-value, acidity, Thiobarbituric-acid, Anisidine-value, Totox-value and antioxidant-activity of free antioxidant soybean oil with SPSS software were evaluated. The results achieved by RSM analyze showed that sodium-selenite concentration with encapsulation efficiency had reverse relation whereas it was direct relation with microcapsules-size. Also Arabic-gum concentration and ethanol-purity had direct relation with encapsulation-efficiency and the reverse one with microcapsules-size. The result of SPSS analyze showed that with presence of the encapsulated sodium-selenite antioxidant and synthesized BHA antioxidant in soybean oil, peroxide-value, acidity, Thiobarbituric acid, Anisidine-value, Totox-value decreased whereas antioxidant activity of soybean oil increased.
 

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In order to increase the oxidative stability of oil, various antioxidants are used. The use of synthetic antioxidants causes concern for the health of consumers due to their carcinogenicity, so today the food industry seeks to use natural alternatives instead of synthetic types to improve the oxidative shelf life of oils. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of using broccoli sprouts extract (BSE) as a natural antioxidant to develop the oxidative stability of soybean oil. Different levels of BSE, including 200, 400, and 800 ppm, were added to soybean oil and these samples were compared with samples without antioxidants (control) and sample containing TBHQ synthetic antioxidants (100 ppm). Different tests including acid, peroxide, anisidine, totox, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) indexes, and Rancimat number were performed on the oil samples during the accelerated storage period of 18 days at a temperature of 60 °C. The obtained results showed that during the storage period, the values of acid, peroxide, anisidine, totox, and TBA indexes of oil samples increased and the Rancimat number decreased significantly (p<0.05), however, the rate of these changes in the control sample was significantly higher than other samples. Adding BSE and increasing its concentration in the samples significantly reduced the rate of lipid oxidation and triglycerides decomposition in oils (p<0.05), and the highest oxidative stability was observed in the sample containing 800 ppm of BSE. This level of the BSE showed even higher antioxidant activity than the TBHQ synthetic antioxidant. Finally, the results of this study indicated the antioxidant activity of BSE in soybean oil, and therefore, this extract at the level of 800 ppm can be used as a natural antioxidant to develop the oxidative shelf life and stability of soybean oil.

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Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat-soluble ester of vitamin C and palmitic acid, which is used to increase the oxidative stability of oils. In this study, in order to increase its stability to the environmental conditions of heat, humidity, oxidation and light, encapsulation technologies (nanoliposome) were used in refined soybean oil without antioxidants. In this regard, in this study, 5 concentrations of nanoliposomes containing ascorbyl palmitate (0, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm) were used to increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil stored at 63°C (electric oven) for a period of 16 days. Tests such as acidity, peroxide, conjugated dienes, anisidine and oxidative stability were performed on those oils. The results showed that acidity, conjugated dienes and anisidine increased with increasing storage time, but with increasing concentration of nanoliposome containing ascorbyl palmitate, the increase in these characteristics was less intense. By increasing the storage time until the 12th day, the amount of peroxide in the samples increased and then decreased, and with the increase in the antioxidant concentration, the amount of peroxide in the samples decreased. On the other hand, it was shown that increasing the concentration of nanoliposome from zero to 500 ppm in soybean oil increases the oxidative stability by about 96%. Finally, it was found that increasing the concentration of nanoliposomes containing ascorbyl palmitate in soybean oil reduces oil oxidation.
 

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Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is considered an important crop in the region of Caborca, Sonora, due to its high production and its natural antioxidant (phenolic compounds) content. The use and effect of natural antioxidants on Refined soybean oil (RBD) were evaluated by the Oxidative Stability Index (OSI) using the Rancimat Method. Asparagus phenolic compounds were extracted with 95: 5 (v: v) ethanol: water. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained was compared to Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) and to a mix of tocopherols in soybean oil free of synthetic antioxidants, which complied with the chemical properties and composition of pure edible soybean oil. The total phenol content in asparagus extract was similar to what was reported in other fruit and asparagus in various countries. The soybean’s oil with higher concentrations of asparagus ethanol extract than 0.3% (w/w) showed statistically higher induction times (P< 0.05) than natural (tocopherols) and synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ) at the tested concentrations, which strongly supports the concept of using asparagus as a source of natural antioxidants.