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Methyl Tert-butyl Ether(MTBE) has been used as a booster in gasoline octane numbers in many countries, but after a short time due to the high absorption in water and the possibility of entry into groundwater, its use in developed countries is prohibited. In this work, for the first time, to reduce the adverse environmental effects, MTBE was encapsulated, and release control was considered. For this purpose, the inverse mini-emulsion polymerization of monomer methylmethacrylate(MMA) was performed in the presence of MTBE and in the cyclohexane medium by oil/water/oil. Poly methyl methacrylate/MTBE nanocapsules were synthesized in 0.5, 1, 2 ratios of MTBE to methyl methacrylate (R = MTBE / MMA).
The effect of changing R values ​​on conversion polymerization, on encapsulation efficiency of MTBE and on the morphology of capsules was investigated. For this purpose, TGA and TEM were used. Changing the R ratio from 0.5 to 2 allowed the capsule to be controlled in the range of 50-500 nm. The start of the MTBE degradation range of 130 ° C increased to 250 ° C due to the presence of the MTBE inside the capsule, and it was possible to start controlling the release of the nucleus by heating and starting at a temperature of 250 ° C. By addition of 1.5% of the capsules to the gasoline, the octane number increased by 5 units.
According to the results inverse mini-emulsion polymerization is a suitable method for encapsulating and reducing the environmental effects of MTBE by limiting its contact with the environment.
 

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Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) One of the gasoline additives used to increase octane and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, MTBE can enter the human blood flow through different ways including inhalation, oral and skin contact. Human carbonic anhydrase is one of the metalloenzymes that is found in almost all living organisms and has been extensively studied and many diseases are associated with carbonic anhydrase. In this study, the effect of MTBE proximity with human carbonic anhydrase II enzyme on enzyme activity was investigated by visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy and changes in enzyme Tm at different concentrations of MTBE were reported. In addition, the structural changes of the enzyme in the presence of MTBE were examined by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the enzyme activity in the presence of MTBE is inhibited by liner-complex mechanism. The results of intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy of the enzyme show changes in the structure of the enzyme in the presence of MTBE. Also, following the binding of MTBE to the enzyme, the thermal stability of the enzyme is reduced and it becomes sensitive to temperature changes.

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The petroleum refineries, water are used for different purposes, such as extraction of contaminants. Some of these pollutants such as petroleum and Methyl Tertiary Butyl ether (MTBE) can be noted that have less biodegradability than other organic compounds. Discharge of these pollutants into water, and the presence of them in drinking water make huge environmental concerns.
A sequencing airlift reactor (SBR) along with an internal riser is called sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR); it has a similar structure to SBR and purifies wastewater with a certain temporal cycle in a single reactor. The SBAR system, which is used along with granules to treat wastewater, is known as granule sequencing batch airlift reactor (GSBAR). Using this system for biodegrading requires a high concentration of biomass (aerobic granules.
In recent years, several studies have been conducted on the use of aerobic biogranules. Mousavi et al., examined the removal of phenol with an initial concentration of 1000 mg/L from saline wastewater using GSBAR with aerobic granules 2 mm in size. The results indicated that 99% of phenol was removed. Bao et al., studied the effect of temperature on the formation of aerobic granules and on the removal of nutrients by SBAR system. The granules had an average diameter of 3–4 mm, density of 1.036 g/mL, sludge volume index of 37 mL/g, and sedimentation rate of 18.6–65.1 cm/min. The input load rate of COD, NH4–N, and PO4–P was 1.2–2.4, 0.122, and 0.012–0.024 kg/m3/day, respectively and the removal efficiency at low temperatures was 90.6–95.4, 72.8–82.1, and 95.8–97.9%, respectively. Taheri et al., examined the formation of aerobic granules in SBR for treating saline wastewater. In this study, the granules were 3–7 mm in size, had a fall speed of 0.9–1.35 cm/s, and density of 32-60 g/L. Using aerobic granules with a diameter of 1–2 mm to biologically restore 2, 4-di-chlorophenol with an initial concentration of 4.8 mg/L, Wang et al., achieved the removal efficiency of 95% and 94% for COD and di-chlorophenol, respectively. Siroos Rezaei et al. reported that COD removal efficiency of synthetic wastewater was 95% with the glucose carbon source in six 4-h cycles with a loading rate of 1500 mg/L in SBAR system using aerobic granules. The new granules had different diameters in the range of 0.5–5 mm, high sedimentation ability, and SVI of 100 mL/g. Ghaderi et al., investigated the performance of the biofilm reactor and SBR in removing formaldehyde from wastewater. The results revealed that removal efficiency of CODs less than 200 mg/L was 100% and removal efficiency of CODs between 200–450 mg/L was 90% after 48 h.
The aim of this study was evaluating the ability of SBAR system in quick produce of granules and achieving high removal of petroleum and MTBE in a short time. For this purpose, 2 similar SBAR systems with Circular cross-section were used. Outer Cylinder's diameter and length was respectively 8cm and 110 and the internal riser's diameter and length was respectively 4 cm and 90 cm. In the first system (R1) petroleum was treated in 6 hours and in the second system (R2) MTBE wastewater was treated in 4 hours. In COD equivalent to 600 mg/L, the removal efficiency of R1 and R2 were equal to 81.1 and 84.2%. These values were respectively 82.8 and 90% in COD equivalent 500 mg/L. Consider to granules changes, optimal COD was respectively equivalent to 600 and 500 mg/L in R1 and R2. By reducing retention time to 5 and 3 hours in R1 and R2, removal efficiency of pollutants in optimal COD of each system was respectively 77.8 and 90 %. The first granules were observed in the seventh day of operating system. During this period, the size of the granules increased to 1.3 and 0.6 mm in R1 and R2. Density and velocity of the granules were in the range of 0.0252-1.1998 gr/mL and 3.02-3.32 cm/s in R1 and 0.05-0.06502 gr/mL and 0.4-0.9 cm/s in R2. SVI was in the range of 42-65 mL/g, pH and DO was in the range of 6.8-7.2 and 2-6 mg/L and ORP was always above 100 mV.

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The main goal of this study is achieving thin-walled AZ31 magnesium alloy tubes with high ductility at elevated temperature. For this purpose, a combined severe plastic deformation method, including parallel tubular channel angular pressing (PTCAP) and tube backward extrusion (TBE) was used. First, PTCAP process was applied on tubular samples at 300°C and then, TBE process was performed at 300°C. After PTCAP, a necklace like microstructure, large gains surrounded by a large number of tiny recrystallized ones, was observed and the average grain size of the material decreased from 520 µm to 11.1 µm. At the next stage, After TBE, an ultra-fine grain microstructure with an average grain size of 8.6 µm was formed. After performing this combined method, the hardness value of the PTCAP and TBE processed sample increased from 37 HV to 69 HV. Hot tensile testing studies at 300°C revealed an elongation to failure value of 181% for the PTCAP and TBE processed sample, while this value for as-received sample was 55%. Fractographic SEM images showed that predominately ductile fracture was occurred in all hot tensile specimens due to nucleation of microvoids and their subsequent growth and coalescence with each other.

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The main goal of this study is achieving thin-walled AZ31 magnesium alloy tubes with high ductility at elevated temperature. For this purpose, a combined severe plastic deformation method, including parallel tubular channel angular pressing (PTCAP) and tube backward extrusion (TBE) was used. First, PTCAP process was applied on tubular samples at 300°C and then, TBE process was performed at 300°C. After PTCAP, a necklace like microstructure, large gains surrounded by a large number of tiny recrystallized ones, was observed and the average grain size of the material decreased from 520 µm to 11.1 µm. At the next stage, After TBE, an ultra-fine grain microstructure with an average grain size of 8.6 µm was formed. After performing this combined method, the hardness value of the PTCAP and TBE processed sample increased from 37 HV to 69 HV. Hot tensile testing studies at 300°C revealed an elongation to failure value of 181% for the PTCAP and TBE processed sample, while this value for as-received sample was 55%. Fractographic SEM images showed that predominately ductile fracture was occurred in all hot tensile specimens due to nucleation of microvoids and their subsequent growth and coalescence with each other.

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Alternate bearing is one of the most important problems in olive production around the world. This experiment was performed on 25-year-old olive trees of Tokhme Kabki cultivar in an olive orchard located in Shiraz, in 2018-2019. In this experiment, the role of normal fruits, shot berries, fruit removal, and Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) application on the amount and type of return flower were determined. We demonstrated that seed has a significant role in flower induction in olive. Shot berry fruits actually induced return bloom and removing the fruit before pit hardening stimulates induction of flower bud in ʻTokhme Kabkiʼ olive cultivar. GA₃ application before pit hardening significantly inhibited flower formation. Endogenous GA₃-like substances was also determined in fruit flesh and seed tissues support the idea that, high concentration of GA₃-like during pit hardening is responsible for the inhibition of flowering. According to the rapid increase in GA₃-like substances in the fruit tissues, it appears that this compound may be transferred to the buds and then directed toward vegetative growth. Data suggest that GA₃-like level in the fruit flesh and seed tissues is one of the main factors in alternate bearing of olive tree. Therefore, thinning the seeded fruit till 6 weeks after full bloom or before pit hardening would be effective in reducing the concentration of GA₃ in the olive tree and reducing the severity of alternate bearing.