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The current study evaluated the interactive impacts of water temperature and feeding rate on digestive enzymes, intestine histology, growth and stress-related genes, and cultivable intestinal microbiota of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). For this purpose, 180 fish (85.0±3.0 g) were reared at three different temperatures (20, 27, and 33 °C) and two feeding rates (apparent satiation and 2.5% of biomass) with three replications for 6 weeks. The results revealed no significant differences among different treatments regarding the activity of digestive enzymes (P˃0.05) of fish reared under different temperatures and feeding rates. The length, width, and thickness of intestinal villi were unaffected by different temperatures and feeding rates (P˃0.05). In addition, no variations were found in the total aerobic bacterial count of fish gut from different experimental groups (P˃0.05). At the molecular level, IGF-I and HSP70 coding genes were found to be highly expressed in experimental treatments (P<0.05). To conclude, present results showed that temperatures between 27 to 33 °C are more optimal for Asian seabass, and the different temperatures and feeding rates do not affect digestive enzymes, intestine histology, and gut microbiota after 6 weeks. Further molecular research is needed to unravel the complex impact and mechanisms of feeding rate and different rearing temperature on fish physiology.

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Potassium (K) mitigates the effect of high temperature on canola, especially during its later growth stages when sowing of canola is delayed. To explore the effect of K on high temperature tolerance and canola production a field experiment (2019 – 2021) was conducted. The experiment had two sowing dates (October 15 and November 1) and four K treatments, i.e. control, soil application (50 kg K ha^-1), soil application + 0.25% K foliar spray at pre- and post-flowering stages and soil application + 0.50% K foliar spray at pre and post-flowering stages. Application of 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K-foliar sprays resulted in higher production of biochemicals (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and total soluble sugars) besides net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance along with less malondialdehyde production and relative cell injury in crops sown on November 1^st than untreated plants. Moreover, it also enhanced chlorophyll florescence and chlorophyll (a and b) contents of late- sown crops. Plants sown on November 1^st and received 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K foliar spray also gave a higher yield components, yield and economic returns than control. Therefore, it is suggested to supply 50 kg K ha^-1 at sowing and a foliar spray of 0.50% K at the pre- and post-flowering stages to canola crops sown late in the season to achieve optimal and economical yield levels.
 

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Various factors, such as temperature stress, dietary changes, and the entry of contaminants and infections into the hemolymph, are known to affect insect immune responses by altering hemocyte profiles. The research focused on the hemocyte profile, hemogram across all biological stages, and the morphological and frequency changes of hemocytes in third instar larvae exposed to temperature stress. Cucumber fruits infected with insect larvae were collected and brought to the laboratory, where third instar larvae were extracted from the fruit tissue. The hemolymph was then collected, and after staining with Giemsa solution, hemocytes were identified under a light microscope. The hemogram analysis included measurements of DHC, THC, blood volume, and AHC across all biological stages. In third instar larvae, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the most abundant, comprising about 56% of the hemocyte population. In contrast, prohemocytes were most frequent in the first instar larvae, accounting for approximately 37%. THC was highest in third instar larvae, indicating a direct correlation between hemolymph volume and total hemocyte count. Temperature stress had a significant impact on hemocyte numbers. Heat stress, with temperatures up to 30 and 35 °C, led to a notable increase in total cell count, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes. Conversely, cold temperatures resulted in a decrease in prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and the total cell count compared to the control group. Additionally, temperature stress induced hemocyte deformation, with plasmatocytes and granulocytes showing the most pronounced changes under heat stress, including torn cell walls and loss of cell contents at 35 ^○C.

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Abstract The aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemnai Viereck and A. matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) have high potential as the most effective biological control agents for controlling the cotton aphis Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this investigation, the effect of five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on the reproductive parameters was studied at 65 ±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L: 8 D hours In this study, the newly laid (one- day old) eggs were reared on third instar nymphs of cotton aphid, and the pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids were recorded daily, until the last individual was found dead. The experiments were carried out with 15 replications at each temperature. The results revealed that the gross fecundity and fertility rates were significantly different at all tested temperatures for both species (P

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There are a number of ideas to generate cloud and precipitation in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea, but none of them explain the cause of precipitation particularly heavy and super heavy precipitations precisely. This study describes main thermodynamic factors when the situation and location of synoptic patterns are effective. On the basis of daily data, monthly regimes and monthly trends of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST), difference between 2m air temperature and SST over the Caspian Sea as well as the SST gradients in different distances on latitude and its anomaly were calculated. For recognition of synoptic conditions, humidity advection, geopotential and sea level pressure maps were drawn. The results showed that there are three thermodynamic factors over the Caspian Sea to produce precipitation particularly from September to December. The first factor is arrangement and well organized of the SST gradients as it decreases from the south to the north of Caspian Sea. Also, the SST over the Sea must be enough warm to produce clouds and precipitation. The last factor is the difference between 2m air temperature and SST. When the synoptic patterns in different pressure levels are suitable for instability, the air-sea interaction process is the most important factor to produce the advection humidity, clouds and precipitation particularly heavier precipitation events in the north of Iran.

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Cell concentrations and growth rate of Dunaliella salina Teodoresco in light intensities e. g. 50 and 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperatures 25 ± 0.5 and 31 ± 0.5 oC (Mean ± SD) were studied. The algae was isolated from the Urumieh Lake and cultured in various treatments (n=12). Algae cells were counted regularly using Thoma counting chamber in 3 replicates on daily basis. The curve of changes in population was plotted. The specific growth rate (SGR; d-1) was calculated and compared within treatments by means of two ways ANOVA Analysis. The highest cell concentration (Mean ± SD) 4.8 ± 0.6 × 10 6 cell.ml-1 was observed in light intensity of 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 oC. The minimum cell concentration (2.8 ± 0.3 × 10 6 cell.ml-1) was observed in light intensity of 50 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 31 ± 0.5 oC. Specific growth rate showed significant differences in various treatments (P

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Hippodamia variegata is an efficient and most abundant predatory coccinellids in many countries. Understanding the ability of long-term low temperature survival in beneficial insects can be used to make better predictions about subsequent abundance and hence the biological control potential in the next spring and summer. So in this study, effects of long-term temperatures were investigated on mortality and supercooling point (SCP) of field collected (pre-diapausing) and overwintering aggregations of H. variegata adults. Unlike the pre-diapausing insects, aggregated coccinellids could easily survive at -3 and 0 °C for one month. One month acclimation at 10 °C caused more than 80% mortality in overwintering adults, indicating the higher temperatures were not appropriate for overwintering aggregated coccinellid. In December and January, when diapause was in its highest level, changing the habitat temperature did not affect SCP. Acclimation at 5 and 0 °C for one month decreased SCP of pre-diapausing adults, collected from aphid infested plants in October. Our study revealed that exposure to temperatures below 0 °C happened usually in natural condition for a long term period, may be necessary for overwintering of the coccinellid.

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The calling behavior of virgin carob moth females, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae) was evaluated under two different thermal regimes, cycling and constant temperatures under laboratory condition. The period of calling activity under cycling temperature was prolonged and the total period of calling activity of an individual female was increased. Although moths maintained under cycling temperature started calling later for the first time significantly in the scotophase than those maintained at 25 °C, but the calling activity at cycling temperature was higher than at 25 °C. At two temperature regimes, the mean onset time of calling (MOTC) advanced from about 441 to 189.5^th min after the onset of the scotophase, and the mean time spent calling (MTSC) increased by > 120 min over the eight days. MTSC and MOTC for cycling thermal regime were 96.8 ± 6.5 and 275.9 ± 9.3 min respectively. We assumed that the extension of the calling period under cycling temperature might be due to potential similarities of the temperature regime to natural thermal fluctuations which could lead to an increased proportion of females mated; apart from its importance in efficacy of sex pheromone extraction under laboratory conditions.

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Environmental factors mainly temperature are believed to determine the distribution and population dynamics of Fusarium species in a natural ecosystem. Species may be restricted in their distribution by adaptation to specific sets of soil environmental conditions. Population dynamics of five Fusarium species representative of different climatic conditions were studied at three levels of temperature (13-18 / 19-24 / 25-30°C) and constant water potential (field capacity). Temperature had a significant influence on the population level of all test Fusarium species. Fusarium sambucinum showed noticeable reduction of population at warm temperatures. The population of F. solani and F. compaction were higher at high temperatures. The population of cosmopolitan species, F. equiseli showed little change at all experimental conditions, Fusarium acuminalum did not compete well with other species in this experiment, its population being low at all treatments.

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In this study, the effects of drying temperature and mechanical pressure on the surface structure and dynamical properties of polyaniline (PAni) were studied. PAni was synthesized through the aniline polymerization process in the presence of ammonium persulfate in acidic medium and normal methyl-2-pyrrolidine solution. The obtained solution was dipped on a substrate of quartz glass. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis based on nano-indentation tests were used to determine the values of hardness, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the films. The results of the analysis of the scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the surface morphology of the film is changed from a fiber-to-interconnected cross-linked networkby increasing the drying temperature. The transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the diameter of the fibers on the surfaces dried at 318 K and 418 K was 18 and 30 nm, respectively. AFM results showed that the mean surface roughness of PAni film at 318 K without mechanical pressure was 63 nm, while for the film pressed at 5 MPa was less than 35 nm. Thermo-mechanical analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of the PAni film prepared without mechanical pressure and the film pressed at 5 MPa were 386 K and 378 K, respectively. Investigating the temperature dependence and applied pressure on the film surface in determining the viscoelastic properties of the PAni nanostructured film can provide readers with appropriate information about the storage and loss modulus of the film and the activation energy of the polymer layer during the thermal decomposition process.

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In this study, sonochemical synthesis was used to prepare nanostructured HZSM-5 catalysts. The three most effective ultrasound related variables including ultrasound power, irradiation time, and sonication temperature were investigated. The combined effect of these variables on relative crystallinity and mean crystal size of HZSM-5 nanocatalysts was studied using a central composite design. Higher crystallinity and lower crystal size were obtained by increasing ultrasound power, irradiation time, and sonication temperature while there was an optimum range for mentioned variables. The maximum relative crystallinity and minimum mean crystal size were obtained as 55.51% and 62.37 nm, respectively, under the optimal conditions of ultrasound power (231 W), irradiation time (21.18 min), and sonication temperature (42.68 °C). The results confirmed that sonochemical method considerably increased crysatllinity and reduced crystal size of HZSM-5 nanocatalysts at lower time. Hydrothermal method produced catalyst with full crystallinity and mean crystal size of 893 nm with 120 min aging and 48 h crystallization in autoclave while sonicated HZSM-5 catalyst with 21 min sonication and 4 h crystallization has 55.51% crystllinity and 62.37 nm mean crystal size. On the other hand, no HZSM-5 phase was formed in hydrothermal method with 120 min aging and 4 h crystallization in autoclave. These results strongly suggests that a catalyst with smaller crystal size, higher crystallinity and BET surface area at lower crystallization time can be obtained by using ultrasound instead of aging step in HZSM-5 synthesis

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Cold hardiness is one of the most common adaptations of insects at low temperatures. To understand the cold hardiness strategy of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), six temperature treatments were tested on the last instar larvae. Supercooling points of treatments were not significantly different. Two sugars, glucose and trehalose, as well as three polyols, myo-inositol, glycerol and sorbitol, were identified in these larvae. Trehalose was more affected in response to low temperatures in longer duration, and had a significant negative correlation with glycogen content. Despite the extensive sugar beet cultivation areas in Iran, beet armyworm population has been decreased in recent years. It seems that climate change regarding the global warming especially in autumn and winter could be a reason for decline in population outbreak of beet armyworm in the next generation. Based on findings of this study, it is suggested that overwintering larvae are freeze-intolerant insects but long term acclimation at sub-zero temperatures makes larvae tolerate presence of ice crystals in their body fluid.  

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To measure soil water content (or soil matric suction) in thin layers of about 30mm, conventional gypsum blocks are not suitable. To carry out the task, mini-gypsum blocks were constructed using plaster of Paris in an innovative fashion. A power relationship was found between the soil water content and the mini-gypsum blocks’ readings in kΩ. The calibration results showed that readings of mini-gypsum blocks were sensitive to temperature. A normalized resistance deviation method was adopted to compensate for the effect of temperature on the sensor readings. After calibration, the high coefficient of determination obtained ensured the use of the mini-gypsum blocks for further experiments.

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Limited water for irrigation and the coincidence of early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with the late growth of winter cereals in the Northeast (NE) of Iran, force farmers, to allocate their limited irrigation water to the cereal crops and thus their sugar beet crop is subjected to an early water stress. Finding cultivars which are able to withstand early water stress without a significant yield reduction is critical to the farmers’ economy. This study was conducted over a two-year period (1998 and 1999) to evaluate the response of nine sugar beet genotypes to drought stress and to determine the crop traits associated with drought resistance. The results showed that stomatal conductance, leaf-air temperature difference and proline accumulation were associated with levels of water stress in sugar beet genotypes. Among these indices, leaf-air temperature difference was a more precise parameter to measure. A negative correlation between Δ T (leaf -air temperature) and stomatal conductance was found. The correlation coefficients for 1998 and 1999 were -0.87 and -0.58, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Δ T and proline accumulation in sugar beet genotypes. The correlation coefficients for the 1998 and 1999 experiments were 0.61 and 0.49, respectively. The shoot: root ratio (S:R) measured at the end of the stress period showed that genotypes with a lower S:R often had a greater stomatal conductance. In general, genotypes with a lower S:R at the end of the stress period usually had a greater root dry weight. The correlation coefficients of S:R with root dry weight at the end of the stress period were -0.96 and -0.65 for 1998 and 1999, respectively.

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In this study, the use of a mixed alumina and aluminum sulfate powder has been studied on thermal conductivity of butyl rubber filled with carbon black used as curing tire bladder composite. The aforementioned filler was added to 1.5 parts by weight in a blend of Bladder. The mixtures were prepared in the internal mixer and the curing characteristics, the mechanical and aging properties as well as the heat conductivity behavior of the composites were measured. To determine the coefficient of thermal diffusion of rubber composite, an immersion sampling method with specific dimensions in the oil bath and heat transfer computer simulation was used using a guessing and error approach. It was observed that the thermal diffusion coefficient of the above mixture rises from an average of 1×10^-7 m²/s  to an average of 1.3 ×10^-7 m²/s  without changing the mechanical and aging properties of the mixture. In the following, by choosing a simplified geometry from the tire profile in the near-tire curing conditions, and by simulating heat transfer behavior through the ABAQUS software, the effect of this increase on the thermal diffusivity coefficient was studied on the temperature variations of the inner parts of the tire. It was observed that the temperature of the different points of  tire is affected by increasing the thermal conductivity of the tire, Therefore, there is a good potential for reducing the curing time of the tire.
 

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Regarding new researches on chemorheology of energetic composites,it is determined that HTPB slurry should have convenient viscosity for ease of casting. In the other word, available time for appropriate casting of energetic composite after curative addition called pot-life. Long pot-life of HTPB binder system is necessarily for good processability and non-defect production of energetic composite grains. In addition to long pot-life, the physical-mechanical properties of HTPB energetic composite are of at most important. In this research, effect of  curative type (structure), casting temperature and the amount of DBTDL as a curing catalyst on chemorheological behavior of HTPB binder system and physical-mechanical  properties of energetic composite were investigated. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were selected in order to investigate the role of molecular structure of curing agent on Chemorheology of binder system and its slurry and also on physical-mechanical  properties of energetic composite. Moreover, temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 ˚C, were selected to study the effect of casting temperature on chemorheology. By decreasing each 10˚C of casting temperature, pot-life of binder system (IPDI and TDI) was increased about 10 min. Pot-life of binder system and energetic composite slurry based on IPDI in the presence of 0.005% DBTDL (the optimum content) at similar temperatures, showed the longest pot-life. The elastomer and energetic composite based on IPDI showed the most crosslinking density (CLD) and modulus in comparison to other curing agents with retain of tensile strength and adequate elongation.
 

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In western Canada, durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum) have low to moderate lev-els of seed dormancy and are susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dormancy level of Canadian durum wheat cultivars and to identify tetraploid wheat accessions with elevated levels of seed dormancy. First, the level of seed dormancy and length of after-ripening of 17 North American durum wheat cultivars were evaluated. The plants were grown under field conditions in 1995 and 1996, harvested at maturity (Zadok’s Growth Stage 92, ZGS 92), dried at room temperature for one week, and assessed for level of seed dormancy over seven weeks of after-ripening at 20C. Seed dormancy was characterized by the extent of germination at 20C. The results indicated that five durum cultivars exhibited moderate levels of seed dormancy at maturity while the remaining cultivars were non-dormant. Likewise, a rapid loss of dormancy (within 2-3 weeks of after-ripening) was characteristic of all durum cultivars. In a second experiment, 78 accessions of T. turgidum, T. turanicum, T. carthlicum, T. polonicum, and T. durum from the USDA germplasm collection grown under field conditions in 1995 and 1996 were evaluated for seed dormancy with the idea of identifying potential sources of increased seed dormancy. At ZGS 92, eighteen accessions were classified as dormant. Accession 93-282 was the only highly dormant genotype in this study. The seven most dormant acces-sions, identified in two years of field tests, were tested for length of the dormancy period. Accession 93-282 was the only genotype that had a longer period of dormancy than the durum cultivar, Kyle. The intensity of seed dormancy was quantified at five germination temperatures. A dormancy index was calculated from germination data at 10 and 20°C. The dormancy indices of tetraploid accessions 93-62 and 93-177 were 37% higher than that of the durum cultivar Kyle.

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It has been hypothesized that the survival, development, fecundity and population of insects are affected significantly by high temperatures. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostell (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a serious and economically important pest of cruciferous crops throughout the word. In this research, the adult longevity and fecundity of P. xylostella were studied in laboratory conditions. After applying heat shock stress, (30, 35 and 40 °C) for 2, 4, 6 and 8h, the experiments were conducted at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D)h on Brassica napus. The developmental time of immature stages were significantly affected by heat shock temperatures (30 to 40 °C) compared to the 25 °C (control), but the developmental time of larvae did not differ significantly at 40 °C. The pupal development time differed significantly at heat shock temperatures, which was longest (6.13 ± 0.05 days) at 30 °C for 2h. Heat shock temperature also had significant impact on adult longevity and fecundity of diamondback moth. The longest adult longevity for females and males was determined to be 14.47 ± 1.04 and 11.04±0.95 days respectively at 35 °C for 2h. The fecundity of females fluctuated significantly with increasing temperature stress. Our findings provide useful information on the potential of this insect in response to environmental temperature changes.

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Research subject: Regarding to temperature effect on the rate of corrosion in absorption tower of gas refineries, it is very useful to examine and invest on new methods to decrease the temperature in mentioned towers.
Research approach: By studying different types of corrosion in amine processes and the influence of different variables on them, the dominant effect of temperature on the rate of corrosion in absorption towers was determined. Due to decreasing temperature in the absorption tower the surface tension of amine solvent and corrosion rate decrease. The reduction in surface tension reduces the foaming and flooding in the tower, which reduces the concentration of sour gases CO₂ and H₂S from the natural gas outlet. Various methods of reducing temperature in the absorption tower such as increasing flow rate of circulation amine solvent, opening the insulated tower wall and injecting amines into the middle of the tower have been studied. Aspen- HYSYS software was used to investigate the effects of amine injection into the middle of the tower.
Main result: According to the simulation results, the maximum temperature in the two-feed absorption tower was reduced to about 3°C and in the three feedstocks the maximum temperature was reduced to about 10°C. Also, as the CO₂ and H₂S concentration of the gas outlet decreases, the amount of Spent Caustic and catalyst in the lower part of the tower will decrease. Finally, it was found that among the above methods, injection of amine into the middle of the tower had the highest efficiency in decreasing the temperature of it. However, a combination of the above methods can be used to further reduce the temperature in the tower.
 

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Research subject: It is not an easy task to get a suitable model of polymerization due to complex mechanism and kinetic of such processes. Polymerization temperature, as an intermediate variable between determining final polymer properties, is a good selection to be controlled. Fuzzy logic has ability to be applied to processes with unknown or less informed dynamics.
Research approach: In this research, control of semi batch poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactor temperature was studied. To do so, error and error variation were calculated using measured reactor temperature. Error and error variation were fuzzified using triangular membership functions. Five and three fuzzy sets were introduced to fuzzify error and error variation, respectively. Hence, fifteen rules were defined. Five fuzzy sets were defined to quantify these fifteen rules. Weight average defuzzification method was applied to calculate necessary heat to the reactor. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was synthesized in a semi batch reactor based on a two steps method. It is possible to monitor temperature, pressure, rotation speed and mixing torque in this set up.
Main results: Produced water during esterification determines reaction advancement. In polycondensation step, mixing torque determines end of the process. Linguistic based fuzzy rules were applied to both steps. Reference temperatures were 230^oC and 260^oC, respectively. Reactor temperature was controlled with 1-2^oC precision. Control logic was applied using C#.net real time programming.