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Since Glomerular filtration of blood in the kidney has been regarded by physiologists for many years, they can access only to the qualitative data. Mathematicians can solve this problem by numerical modeling. In this research, an engineering model is presented for the analysis of this capillary network by investigating in the different scientific fields such as, physiology, medicine, computer science and mathematics.First of all, the homogeneous model introduced by Deen, are studied. The rate of the blood filtration is achieved by solving the 2-D equations of momentum and mass transfer. Then the anatomic investigation of the glomerular are performed to present a three-dimensional network of the glomerular capillaries. This proposed model is solved numerically by Use of the 3-D equations of momentum and mass transfer. This analysis makes it possible to study the various parameters are creating by diseases and this is the main advantage of this provided mode. In network model connection between lobules and their shapes just improve flow distribution and mass transfer. Otherwise the glomerular filtration rate in the flow rate of more than 150 nl/min is evaluated more accurately in this model.

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Nowadays, solid tumor modeling and simulation results are used to predict how therapeutic drugs are transported to tumor cells by blood flow through capillaries and fluid flow in tissues. This model involves processes such as fluid diffusion, convective transport in extracellular matrix, and extravasation from blood vessels. In this paper, a complete model of interstitial fluid flow in tumor and normal tissue is presented with considering multi scale of solution such as blood flow through a capillary (as the smallest scale) to interstitial flow (as the biggest scale). The advanced mathematical model is used to generate a capillary network induce by tumor with two parent vessel around the tumor for the first time. In the following, the blood flow is modeled through the network with considering the non-continuous behavior of blood rheology and adaptability of capillary diameter to hemodynamics and metabolic stimuli. This flow is simultaneously simulated with interstitial flow which is coupled to blood flow through capillary with extravascular flow. The results predict elevated interstitial pressure in tumor region and heterogeneous capillary network which are introduced as barriers to drug delivery.

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Motion and deformation of the drop falling in an immiscible fluid has become a benchmark problem in fluid mechanics and has a wide range of application in petroleum, medicine processing, metals extraction, power plant and heat exchanger. In this paper, an exact analytical solution of a falling viscous drop at low Reynolds number is investigated. Analytical solution for both internal and external flows is obtained using the perturbation method. The Reynolds numbers and capillary are considered as the perturbation parameters. Drop’s shape remains spherical for sufficient small ones. The falling drop’s shape at Newtonian phase, deforms from its spherical shape as its volume increases. Inertial forces, surface tension, normal components stresses have the most influence on the falling drop’s shape. Drop’s deformation is due to the forces at the interfaces acting between two fluids. By volume increase of the falling drop, normal components stresses overcome to the surface tension and cause a dimple at the bottom drops in addition to the inertial force enhancement. For small non-dimensional parameters (Reynolds number and capillary) drop’s deformation is exactly similar to a sphere and then by increase in Reynolds number and capillary, the drop’s shape alters and cause a dimple at the bottom drops. Analytical solution show suitable agreement in terminal velocity and drop shape estimation with experimental results.

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Portland-limestone cement (PLC) is a new, more sustainable version of portland cement that is becoming widely available in North America. Known as Type IL cement in the blended cement specifications of ASTM and AASHTO, it has already been approved by many transportation agencies and its use in structures and pavements is rapidly increasing. PLC implementation has been fueled mostly by interest in sustainability, but some experiences have also shown that it can be used to improve concrete performance and even mix economics. Beneficial performance synergies of PLC with fly ash and slag cement (SCMs) have been well documented. Recent research has also studied optimum PLC properties, the most beneficial types and characteristics of SCMs, and the extent to which SCM replacement rates can be extended. In addition to improved strength development, setting, and durability, this more sustainable PLC concrete has been found to improve finishing properties and the quality of formed or slipped surfaces. The webinar will review research and trial project data and highlight successful applications and project experiences to date, sharing implementation guidelines.
More recently, the composite concretes which is consisting of Portland cement, lime stone powder and different types of pozzolans are used in a few countries. This type of concrete is more beneficial as a certain percentage of lime stone powder and pozzolan is substituted by cement weight in concrete. However, considering Iran, although considerable number of cement factories is available, and the economic cost of composite cement, the practical use of such cement is not yet seriously taking into consideration. When designing a concrete structure using composite cement, some of its characteristics and engineering properties become different from those of normal concrete, NC. These differences in material properties may have important consequences in terms of the structural behavior and design of composite concrete members. The design provisions contained in the building codes are, in reality, based on tests conducted on NC. The design of these structural members is not covered in existing codes of practice.
Therefore for the aim of practical usage of composite cements, it is necessary to investigate seriously the plastic phase, engineering properties and durability considerations of this type of composite cement. In this paper, the chemical analysis of composite materials including cement, lime stone powder and Rafsenjan’s pozzolan are performed and the results and analysis of ten designed concrete mixes which are constructed and tested are discussed. The mixes are including control and nine composite (ie. cement type II of Kerman cement factory, Rafsenjan’s pozzolan and limestone powder) concrete. In plastic phase; the tests on slump, setting time and volume expansion of control and composite cement and in hardened phase; the tests on compressive strength for two wet (w) and %5 sulphate sodium (s) curing conditions, different type of tensile strength (i.e. splitting, European and flexural tensile strength) at short and long time ages and water capillary absorptions are carried out. Also, for concepts of practical use of such concretes in reinforced concrete structures, the compressive and tensile stress-strain diagrams are plotted by attaching sensors on two types of concrete. It was concluded that: i) the setting time of composite specimens were lower than that of control concrete specimen, ii) replacing of lime stone powder and pozzolan by cement weight caused to reduce the compressive strength of composite to that of control concrete at early and long ages however, ultimate compressive strain (εcu) of almost all the specimens reached 0.003 which is recommended by ACI standard. and iii) no considerable effect on the compressive strength of specimens was observed for two curing regimes of sulphate (s) and wet (w).

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Keeping constant all agronomic factors except temperature is a way to follow Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) expression. Three different sunflower hybrids derived from the cross between an inbred line, Cms HA 89, and three different restorer inbred lines, with resistance, susceptible, and normal reactions to drought, were produced. In order to investigate the impact of temperature on protein accumulation during achene filling phase, they were cultivated in two different geographical areas: Karaj in Iran and Udine in Italy. Total protein content and structural polypeptide fractions of Seed Storage Proteins (SSPs) were determined. The analysis of HSPs was carried out by means of lab-on-chip capillary electrophoresis. It was revealed that protein accumulation in achene occurs at a greater rate during the achene filling phase, i.e. approximately 9-25 days after pollination, in all examined hybrids. Besides, the presence of a polypeptide band of 17.7 kDa supposed to be of small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) family was recorded in all three hybrids grown up in hot and arid environment, Karaj, which implied independent sHSPs expression from the paternal restorer line.

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In this paper, steady motion of non-Newtonian falling drop through a Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds number is investigated analytically. Here, the Upper Convected Maxwell model (UCM) is used for drop phase and Newtonian model is considered for external fluid. During the past few decades, studies relating to non-Newtonian instabilities especially those involving free surfaces are amongst the most striking. These types of studies can be used to optimize design processes in, for example, the petroleum and medicine related processes, metal extraction, and paint and power-plant related fields. Analytical solution is obtained using the perturbation method. Reynolds and Deborah numbers are used to linearize the equations governing the problem in analytical method. Deborah number indicates the elastic effect of drop. The drag force increases by the growth of the elastic effect of non-Newtonian Drop’s. The non-Newtonian drop loses its shape and exchanges to an oblate form. Increment in Deborah number enhances the dimple at the bottom of the drop and results in an increment in its drag force and as a consequence its terminal velocity decreases. A hole is created at the rear of the drop due to the presence of inertia force and focus of normal component of stress at the rear of the drop. The novelty of this study is to consider the convection (non-linear) term of the momentum equations which was neglected in the previous studies due to the creeping flow.

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One of the common ways to increase the life of concrete is the use of pozzolans, some pozzolans that have higher reactivity than ordinary cement lead to greater resistance and less permeability of concrete by reducing concrete pores. Structures made with ordinary Portland concrete generally do not have proper performance in harsh environmental conditions and destructive aggressive factors. Sulfate attack is the process of concrete destruction due to the expansion caused by sulfate reactions inside the concrete, and in the long term, it causes a decrease in cohesion, occurrence of cracks and collapse in the concrete structure, one of the effects of which is the reduction of concrete strength. The addition of metakaolin reduces the porosity in concrete, as a result, concretes containing metakaolin have lower permeability compared to normal concrete. In this research, calcined clay was used as pozzolan, first the soil was heated to a temperature of 700 degrees Celsius for 3 hours so that the calcination process takes place, then calcined clay along with a percentage of limestone powder and microsilica was replaced by cement. The purpose of this combination for cement materials is to achieve a mixture design that the concretes made by it have better resistance than normal concretes against aggressive and corrosive environmental conditions. In this study, ettringite crystals were formed on the samples processed in sodium sulfate solution, which were less in the pozzolanic samples than in the control sample. At early ages, the capillary absorption coefficient for samples containing calcined clay is higher than the control samples, but this difference is greatly reduced as the samples age and the pozzolanic reactions become more complete. The electrical resistance values of the samples also increased with the passage of time and the increase in pozzolan replacement percentage. Also, in all the experiments, the addition of microsilica fills the empty spaces in the concrete, because the microsilica particles, being smaller than the pozzolan particles of the clay used and the faster reactivity of microsilica produces more silicate gel in a shorter period of time than clay pozzolan and makes the concrete denser. In this research, 10 mixed designs were used in 2 ratios of water to cement materials: 0.35 and 0.4. In each proportion of clay in percentages of 10 and 20%, limestone powder in percentages of 30 and 20%, respectively, and microsilica along with the combination of soil and lime in 7% by weight as powder materials were replaced by cement. In order to check the properties of the prepared soil, XRD test was performed to ensure the amorphousness of the soil particles and the presence of pozzolanic compounds on it. Also, to check and analyze the durability of concrete, sulfate resistance, capillary absorption and electrical resistance tests were used on 10 cm cube samples at the age of 28 and 90 days. In this research, designs containing 20% calcined clay, 20% lime, and 7% microsilica have the best performance in pozzolanic designs and are introduced as optimal pozzolanic designs in the conducted experiments.

 

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The compound droplets resulting from water-in-oil-in-water emulsions have many applications, including in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Investigating the effective parameters in the production of these droplets plays an important role in their controlled production. In this numerical study, the production of compound droplets in a three-phase axisymmetric glass capillary microfluidic device is investigated. The structure of this system consists of two co-flow and one flow-focusing devices. In this study, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to solve the governing equations in different phases. 5 dimensionless parameters are selected to check the effect of each component on the diameter, the generation frequency, and the breakup length of the compound droplets. This study has successfully predicted the formation of compound droplets in the droplet regime. The simulation results show that with increasing the ratio of inner nozzle diameter to outer tube diameter, the core diameter enhances and the shell thickness decreases. By decreasing the angle of the inner nozzle tip, the drop regime changes to the jet regime. By increasing the contact angle of the middle phase with respect to the outer phase in the outer tube wall from 90 to 120 degrees, the frequency of droplet generation increases by 22%. The results of this study can be used for applications such as 3D cell culture.