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Translated literature almost always involves a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. Such manipulations are imposed by the ‘patrons’ who try to regulate the relationship between the literary system and the other systems a society is composed of. Working on this fundamental  broadly-acknowledged assumption about translation, the present study aimed at identifying the concepts which are often manipulated in translated literature published in contemporary Iran. It also attempted to spot the manipulative strategies imposed on translations and the counter-manipulative strategies adopted by translators to sidestep those manipulations. Drawing on the findings of the the so-called ‘Manipulation School’ and Dukāte’s typology of manipulation strategies, it did a comparative analysis of the source texts and translated versions of four American novels recently published in Iran. The codification of the data revealed the frowned upon taboo concepts to be descriptions of, or references to, sexual activity, physical contact between the sexes, human body, extramarital relationships, swear words, prostitution, nudity, homoeroticism, alcoholic drinks and dancing. The most frequent manipulation strategies were 1) deletion of the taboo concepts, 2) substitution of the concepts with totally different concepts, and 3) attenuation of the forbidden words, that is to say, expressing them in a more polite, softer language. Although the manipulation mechanism is most effectively in place, the translators seemed to have occasionally applied creative strategies to evade the imposed manipulations. Such counter-manipulative strategies were classified as legitimization, archaism, use of less familiar words, degenderalization, denunciation and borrowing in this study.  

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Nowadays, commercial advertising is an inseparable part of urban life and billboards as significant components of outdoor advertising are used to persuade consumers unconsciously. In addition, billboards are usually used to reach a very large audience and high cost is spent on them, so they are expected to be efficient enough to persuade their audience to choose among the mass of similar products. In this study, 100 randomly photographed billboards of London and Tehran in 2014-15 are analyzed from the perspective of functions of inductive action, with a particular focus on various persuasion techniques.
Umi (2010) defines persuasion as an art of verbal with the intention to assure someone to do something appropriate with the speaker’s purpose for the present time. It means that the purpose of persuasion is that the speaker tries to persuade the listener to act something with no violence and coercion. So, in persuasion the speaker needs the efforts for stimulating the addressee in taking decision. Larson (1986) believes that Persuasion is a process to change attitude or behavior, and opinion. Persuasion occurs only through cooperation between sender and receiver. The focus of persuasion is not only on the sender, the message, or the receiver, but all of them are equally focused on. All of them have to make cooperative in making a persuasive process, so it can be said that persuasion is a result of the combined efforts of source and receiver.
According to the findings, it can be argued that advertisers tried to use a particular language depends on different techniques and various linguistic devices to purposefully persuade and generally attract the attention of the audience. The results of the research proved how advertisers employed a myriad of techniques and devices such as exaggeration-based/ value-based manipulative actions to convince potential customers. Furthermore, this study showed that techniques such as explicit claims with the frequency of 64% - 56% (respectively in Persian and English), association with the frequency of 82% - 54% (respectively in Persian and English), and the provision of contact details with the frequency of 46% - 66% (respectively in Persian and English), were the most common techniques in both languages. Therefore, this study aims to investigate similarities and differences of Persian and English billboards according to discursive devices and diversity and distribution of persuasion techniques.
Moreover, the results indicated that in these English and Persian samples, the frequency distribution of the techniques were almost identical. This conclusion is logical due to the existence of mass media and mass communications in the modern era of technology. In general, in both languages, the samples were rich in the variety and the number of the techniques which were used so they were expected to deliver the message to the customers well. But the extent of their success in convincing them can be studied in other researches

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    The purpose of this paper is to examine the structural elements of narrative based on theoretical model of actional –manipulative regime of discourse in Persian classical and contemporary Literature. Investigating the narrative structures of Persian fiction literature, both classical and contemporary, indicates specific narrative rules in the plot structures of these works and have led to their categorization in actional regime of narratives with different approaches. The hypothesis of the present research is that each story begins with a kind of imperfection and actor’s efforts to liquidate this imperfection and to achieve the object of value in the chain of narrative and discourse. Now, the question of the current research is as follows: what are the underlying mechanisms of actional – manipulative and narratives in Persian fictional literature, based on examples drawn from classical and contemporary stories? The results indicated that in this narrative structure the actor is in the quest of achieving something worthy by referring to convincing and persuasive approaches with various features such as encouragement, threats, flattery, bribe, provocation and rebellion.
 

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Price manipulation in the Tehran Stock Exchange has been one of the most widely discussed issues among academic and professional practitioners in recent years. In this article, we first calculated the abnormal Returns- significance difference between actual and risk-based adjusted expected returns- by using an autoregressive test, for all 130 accepted firms in the Tehran stock market during 2002-2006, which seemed to be manipulated, since they had experienced great fluctuations in their stock prices. For any firm, if changes in share prices are not at random and/or its stock prices are autocorrelated with the past ones, it can be concluded that the firm is under a price manipulation. In the next stage, we have developed a binary logit regression model for predicting the firms' price manipulation based on four factors i.e. the information transparency, the liquidity of the shares, the size (capital) of the firm and the P/E ratio. Finally, the model efficiency for predicting price manipulation in the Tehran Stock Exchange is validated by using appropriate statistical tests such as, The Wald, Likelihoods Function, and the Wilk's Lambda tests. The results showed that the model is efficient and robust for predicting the price manipulation (P<0.05, Wilk's Lambda=0.205; Cox & Snell R2=0.792 ,0.799; -2Log likelihood= 27.49).

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This study is to investigate forensic discourse analysis of the facility contracts like Murabaha, Jaaleh, civil participation and installment sale.The aim of this research is to probe the forensic discourse analysis of the aforementioned texts in the field of forensic linguistics by considering the Van Leeuwen ’s 1996. To do that, the quantity, quality and the mystification of each contract ’s text was probed to discover the factors which ruin the clarity of those texts. The qualitative method of discourse analysis was used to explore the hypothesis of this research. The discoursal elements in the Van Leeuwen ’s (1996) were extracted and the mystification of each contract and different manipulations in each article of contracts were analyzed by using version 21 of SPSS software. The frequency and the percentage of their occurrence was found. The result shows that significant explicit, implicit elements and mystifications in all contracts were seen. The least frequency of explicit elements in the text of Jaaleh by the frequency of 20and the most number of mystification can be observed in the mentioned text by 81.3 percent. The manipulation based on threat was seen 11 times in Murrabeh, Jaaleh. It can be concluded that based on the occurrence of the implicit elements and mystification of all texts of the facility contracts, using implicit elements should be avoided.Consequently, the ambiguity and the mystification will be reduced. The result of the present study helps the banks’ legal experts to write the contracts more apprehensible with less ambiguity.

 1. Introduction
Since all the facility contracts are assumed as legal documents, lack of clarity in their texts lead to serious challenges in terms of perception for the two sides of the contract; subsequently it will be a crucial concern for the bank facilities’ applicants. The significant of the present study is rooted in the afore-mentioned concept and its necessity is the revival of the rights of the bank as the donator of the facility and the customer as its receiver. Therefore, in doing so, the researcher tried to investigate discourse analysis of these facility contracts in the area of forensic linguistics by studying the socio-semantic components and their manipulations.
This study is designed based on Van Leeuwen’s theoretical framework on socio-semantic components (1996) and also the different manipulations of the facility contract texts. The researcher tried to find the suitable answer for these research questions:

1. Is there any difference between the frequency of explicit elements in facility contract texts of Tejarat Bank?
2. Is there any difference between the frequency of implicit elements in facility contract texts of Tejarat Bank?
3. Is there any difference between the frequency of mystification elements in facility contract texts of Tejarat Bank?
4. Is there any difference between the frequency of manipulation elements in facility contract texts of Tejarat Bank?

2. Literature Review
Theoretical framework applied in this research is Van Leewen socio-semantic components and manipulation of the texts. Also, the studies of the Iranian and foreigner researchers in the areas of forensic linguistics and forensic discourse analysis were reviewed here as Shuy (2001), Shuy (2010). Olsson (2009), Coulthard(2000), Aghagolzadeh(2005), Aghagolzadeh and Farazandehpour (2016), Taghipour (2015) and Habibi (1995).
3. Methodology
In order to find the answers of the research questions, the researcher used the descriptive-analytic method of research. The related data of this study was driven from the most used facility contracts of Tejarat Bank which are: Jallleh, Murabaha, Civil Participation , and Installment Sale
The aim of this study is an investigation of the arrangement of socio-semantic components and manipulations of banking facility contracts. So, the socio-semantic components of Van Leeuven model and manipulation of the paragraphs of each facility contract was found and by using the 21^st version of SPSS, their frequency and the percentage were analyzed. Also, by using the socio-semantic components, the mystification of the facility contracts was estimated. The results of the above mentioned analyses were shown in different tables. In the next step, the socio-semantic elements and the mystification of the facility contracts were compared to find which facility contract has the most density of implicit components and subsequently has the most mystification in its text. So, by revising these contracts and omitting the implicit elements, we would be able to increase their clarity.

4. Results
The first two research questions were investigating the difference between the frequency of the implicit and explicit socio-semantic components in the texts of the banking facilities contracts. The results had been proven that the frequency of the implicit components in the text of Jaaleh contract is more than the other contracts. So, the first and second research hypothesis had been had been proven. The third research question was the comparison between the mystification of the facility contracts. Also, the facility contract of Jaaleh had the most number of implicit components so its mystification was more than the other contracts. Therefore, by probing those analysis, we can conclude that we should reduce the number of implicit components to reduce the mystification of the contracts as it may cause the creation of unclarity and it may cause legal problems for the customers of the bank.
Finally, it is concluded that the threatening manipulation could be observed in all the contracts; however, encouraging manipulation could be observed only in text of Morabehe contract. It means that in banking system of Iran, we assume only threatening as the only tool. So, the fourth hypothesis was proven, too.

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Flexible members such as solar panels of robotic systems during a maneuver may get stimulated and vibrate. ‎Therefore, such vibrations will cause some oscillatory disturbance forces on the moving base and manipulated ‎object, which in turn produces error in the position and speed of the manipulating end-effectors, which should be ‎prevented. In this paper, a new control algorithm for an object manipulation task by a wheeled mobile robotic ‎system with flexible members is proposed. To this end, a new dynamics modelling approach for control ‎implementations on compounded rigid-flexible multi-body systems is introduced. Then, based on a designed ‎path/trajectory for a wheeled mobile robotic system, an Adaptive Hybrid Suppression Control (AHSC) is proposed ‎to perform an object manipulation task by such complicated rigid-flexible multi-body systems. Finally, a wheeled ‎mobile robotic system is simulated which contains two manipulators, and a rotating antenna and a camera as its ‎third and fourth arms, appended with two solar panels as has been proposed for space explorations. Obtained ‎results reveal the merits of the proposed AHSC algorithm which will be discussed.‎

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In this paper we developed and modeled elastic - plastic contact theories for soft spherical nano - bacteria to be applied in manipulation of various micro/nanobio particles based on atomic force microscopy. First, we simulated elastic contact for three types of nano - bacteria: S. epidermidis, S. salivarius and S. aureus, using Hertz contact model and finite element. Comparing simulation results of elastic contact with experimental data showed that considering elastic contact for simulating the contact of nano - bio particles is not appropriate and will yield incorrect results. Therefore, in this research, we tried to develop and simulate Chang elastic - plastic contact theory to be applied in simulation of contact mechanics for application in simulating manipulation. Comparing simulation of Chang contact theory with available experimental data and the results from contact simulation of Chen et al showed that Chang’s complete elastic - plastic theory yields desirable results. Comparing the diagram of contact radius in terms of indentation in Hertz and Chang theories showed that the created contact radius in elastic - plastic state is larger than contact radius in elastic state.

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Nowadays one of the arguments that have been raised in the world of nanotechnologies is moving or manipulation nanoparticles. This discussion is important because the displacement of nanoparticles can make structurally different than what is currently available. So to achieve this goal, the atomic force microscope probe is used as manipulator. In this way, the use of nanoparticles by pulling or pushing on the surface, are displaced and brought to the desired point. If you apply too much force is needed, Nanoparticle Continued movement (sliding or rolling) after standing atomic force microscopy probes and away from the desired final. On the other hand, if the force is low, so that it can’t overcome the static friction force, Nanoparticles will be no movement. So finding the optimal force is important in nanomanipulation. In this paper, with using nanoparticle dynamic simulation, the governing equations on nanoparticle are derived and simulated during manipulation happen that they can be used to obtain the critical force and time for gold, yeast and platelets nanoparticles, in gaseous, water, alcohol, and plasma environments. By comparing the results obtained in this paper, it is concluded that the movement of particles in different biological environments starts later and by a force of higher magnitude relative to the gaseous medium.

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In nanoparticles manipulation with atomic force microscope for modeling exact manipulation dynamics and prevent of damaging nanoparticles, it is necessary to compute critical force. For modeling dynamics and computing critical force that apply to nanoparticles it is necessary to modeling cantilever stiffness and determine sensitive geometrical parameters which are effect cantilever stiffness and critical force. In this paper at first it is investigated on two common different kinds of cantilevers which are V-shaped and dagger cantilevers. For modeling V-shaped cantilever stiffness this cantilever is divided into two parts a triangular head section and two slanted rectangular beams. After that the stiffness of each part is modeled separately and the total stiffness is computed. For modeling dagger cantilever stiffness it is used the same method and cantilever is divided into two parts a triangular head section and a rectangular beam and then the total stiffness is computed. Cantilevers stiffness and critical force in manipulation of biological particles and non-biological particles are very important because of that it is used EFAST sensitivity analyses for selecting suitable cantilever and its parameters. In this paper it has been shown that the dagger-shaped cantilever is more suitable for the manipulation of biological particles.

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Using the soft fingers increases stability and dexterity in object grasping and manipulation. This is because of the enlarged contact interface between soft fingers and object. Although slippage phenomenon has a crucial role in robust grasping and stable manipulation, in the most of previous researches in the field of finger manipulation, it is assumed that the slippage between finger and object does not occur. In this paper, slippage dynamic modeling in object grasping and manipulation using soft fingers is studied. Because of the enlarged contact interface between soft fingers and object, a frictional moment along with tangential frictional force and normal force is applied on the contact interface. Therefore, a novel method for dynamic modeling of planar slippage using the concept of Friction Limit Surface is presented. In this method, equality and inequality relations of different states of planar contact is rewritten in the form of a single second-order differential equation with variable coefficients. These coefficients are determined based on the slippage conditions. This kind of dynamic modeling of contact forces can be used for designing the controllers to cancel the undesired slippage. The method is used in study of slippage analysis of a three-link soft finger manipulating a rigid object on a horizontal surface. In order to increase the accuracy of dynamic modeling of soft finger, dynamics of soft tip is integrated with the dynamic of finger linkage. Dynamic behavior of this system is shown in the numerical simulations.

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In nanomanipulation using atomic force microscopy, for the displacement of various micro/nanoparticles, calculation of accurate critical force and time of manipulation in order to not damage and precise manipulation of micro/nanoparticles, is necessary. To achieve this goal requires accurate modeling of kinematics and dynamics of a two-dimensional nanomanipulation that already has been done. In this paper, three-dimensional nanomanipulation modeling and simulation dynamic has been done for more simulation results closer to the results of real nanomanipulation. For this purpose, by taking a spherical shape for micro/nanoparticle, three-dimensional kinematic relations manipulation extracted. Then, JKR contact model for use in manipulation provided and rectangular beam stiffness equations derived in three dimensions. In the final stage of the modeling of the dynamics of the three-dimensional micro/nanoparticles to extract force equations and critical time manipulation obtained. Then the equations obtained by simulation, three-dimensional manipulation amount of force and critical time for both DNA and platelets biological particle is calculated. The results indicate start rolling motion of the particles studied before rolling around on the x-axis and y axis and z as well as the critical need for displacement of particles of the platelet-derived DNA.

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In this paper, an intelligent robust controller is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems in presence of uncertainties and bounded external disturbances. The proposed method is based on a combination of terminal sliding mode control and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with bee’s algorithm training. For this purpose, a sliding surface is firstly designed based on terminal sliding control method. This sliding surface is considered as input for the intelligent controller which is an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and using it, terminal sliding mode control law without the switching part is approximated. In the proposed method, an intelligent bee’s algorithm is also used for updating the weights of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Compared with fast terminal sliding mode control, the proposed controller provides advantages such as robustness against uncertainty and disturbance, simplicity of controller structure, higher convergence speed compared with similar conventional methods and chattering-free control effort. The method is applied to an atomic force microscope for nano manipulation. The simulation results show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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This article is an in-depth analysis to investigate the what- and how-patterns of semiotic manipulations in the two Persian translations of Oscar Wilde’s playscript “Salomé”, by Abdollah Kowsari (2006) and Abolhassan Tahami (2019). In this research, the dual research question has focused on examining the nature of semiotic manipulations present in the two aforementioned Persian translations. As such, this study particularly aims to identify the probable patterns of manipulation in translating certain proper names and key lexical signs that are of crucially semiological and onomatological import in a literary text. Establishing a supra-textual connection between the literary text and its original context, such semiological and onomatological items need to be retained in the translated text as well. To address the research question, the research methodology has focused on a pro-translation reading of the original text, i.e. the English-version text of “Salomé” playscript, what has been followed by an after-the-event reading of two Persian translations of the same work under a compare-contrast procedure. The analysis of the critical cases sampled from the two translations under study supports the main finding that both translators have domesticized, neutralized, or in cases excluded the certain proper names and key lexical items, i.e. signs and symbols, from the translated text. This approach has resulted in the de-foreignization of the original text during the translation process. Another significant research finding of the study underlines the point that the manipulations done in the semiological and onomatological structure of such a work of drama have led to a breakage between the text of the Persian translation and the original culturallingual context.

1. Introduction
The present study critically examines two Persian translations of the well-known play “Salomé,” written by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), the renowned Irish author, playwright, and poet. The play “Salomé,” that is related to a biblical event, was first published in English in 1894 by Elkin Mathews & John Lane publishing in London. Due to its carefully-crafted and unique content, “Salomé” has been the subject of analysis and scrutiny by numerous literary and theatrical critics around the world. Having embodied a host of calculated linguacultural and semiological elements leading to a close association being formed between the text and its historico-geographical context, “Salomé” has gained a veritably hierarchic structure as well as a varied syntactic texture. This being said, it seemed fairly sensible to carry out a piece of critical research on two Persian translations of “Salomé”, i.e. Abdollah Kowsari (2006, Hermes Publishing) and Abolhassan Tahami (2019, Negah Publishing), what at the very outset has engaged the researcher of this study to get down to a seriously meticulous reading of both the original and the translations at hand.
A glance at the literary translations and subsequently a critical review of the translatological articles is suggestive of the fact that the appraisal of translation practice and translation evaluation by the literary readers and critics is more or less based on a one-sided reading of the translation text, what is mostly carried out by measuring the rate and quality of the domesticizing approach employed in an attempt to normalize as far as possible the linguacultural means and assets of the literary work in translation (see Even-Zohar (1978/1990/2012); Reiss & Rhodes (2014)). Having this in mind, the present study has tried to have a critical ST-oriented reading of the original text as well as the two Persian translations in order to locate culturallingual motifs, i.e. the semiological and onomatological elements. The present research has two phases. In the initial phase which was marked itself via the simultaneous act of translation to be performed by the researcher, the study went through explore the text of the play in an attempt to examine and extract the whole array of the symbolic words, specific names, and key lexicological signs existing in the original. In the ultimate phase, the study aimed to examine the question if the required associations which existed between the semiological and onomatological elements in the original and its original context via the presence of the semiological and onomatological elements, were also existent between each translation of the play and the assumed context thereof, hence reaching an estimation of the adequacy of the translations under study. In other words, the present study has aimed to analyze and evaluate the approach(s) adopted by both translators in their confrontation with and translation of certain lexical signs and naming-items as the key lexico-semiological elements in the original, what is supposed to retain the close text-context associations in the translated texts as well.
Research Question(s) and Research Hypotheses
The research question being addressed in this article has two sides: Firstly, the study has explored the translation texts to determine if the symbolic words, proper names, and certain key lexical signs all considered as semiotic and nomological elements in the text have been adequately rendered in translation; secondly, the study has tried to answer if the existing relationship in terms of the above-mentioned items serving as linking elements between the original text, i.e. “Salomé”, and its historico-geographical cum socio-cultural context has been preserved in the Persian translations as well. As such, the present research has put forward a two-sided hypotheses, firstly, that the translated texts under study have retained the semiotic and onomastic textual items in terms of translational equivalence; and secondly, that the connection between the translated texts in Persian and the overarching framework of the original context has been maintained in terms of adequately rendering the semiotic and onomastic textual items via employing the adequate equivalents, just as it is the case for the English play "Salomé" and its original context.


2. Theoretical Foundations
By looking at the extra-textual connection existing between the text of a fictional or dramatic work and the original context related to it, and in light of the tripartite unities, i.e. unity of action, unity of place, and unity of time, that lead to the formation of an ‘artistic whole’ within a literary work, one can particularly speak of the existence of “sign-words” in a particular textual narrative. Such “sign-words” are the marked words or key naming or lingua-cultural items that possess a referential and contextual value and appear as symbolic signs serving to identify and locate the original context that is connected with a literary text. In highlighting the multilayered and profound functions of proper names, Bagby and Sigalov (1987), focusing on the viewpoint of Nikonov (1974), provide a triadic functional framework around a proper name as a signifying unit or entity.
Following Nikonov, we discriminate three types of significance inhering in the proper name: first, its etymological meaning, that is, the real meaning of its root; second, the name’s signifying meaning, more exactly, the real function of the proper name qua label; third, its social meaning, or the symbolics of a name which has acquired some determinable historical meaning within the given culture (p. 474)
From an onomastic point of view, Winner and Winner (1976, p. 150) have placed due emphasis on the well-thought-out employment of the names in the texture of fictional works and written that names sometimes “demonstrate a technique peculiar to myth, that is […] where the names are semantically active.” From a discursive point of view, the property of “activeness” or enunciator-ship can be given to a name or term where it stands before the audience as a “sign” or “object”. As such, the subject occupies the position of an identifying agent in his/her interaction with that linguistic object, i.e. name or term. In this regard, the notion of “praxis énonciative” (roughly translated into ‘discursive act’) is pointed out by Shairi (2009) to explain the semiotic nature of an “object” as a discursive actor, as proposed by Greimas (1987). According to Greimas (1987), an ‘object’ is to be referred to as a “discursive agent,” one that “by showcasing the power of its presence, stands in the way of the viewer (subject)” (Greimas, 1987, p. 27). This being said, one is to view a literary text, be it fiction or drama, as including a string of semiotic and nomological motifs in the form of words or names, what establishes a cultural-semiological connection with the text’s backdrop, i.e. the original context. The point is that a literary translation must as well retain the connection with the overarching framework of the original context as such; thus, any attempt to extrapolate, transform, and domesticize such semiotic and nomological items leads to a disruption in the texture of translational work; what has itself arisen from and linked to a foreign text and therefore must enjoy the same cultural-semiological connection with the original context that is related to it.

3. Literature Review
The background of translation-oriented research in Persian, whether in the form of academic thesis or in the form of critical research published in scholarly journals is scantly evidenced, albeit as far as the present research has found access to. However, such research projects, if any, have examined the issue of translation criticism merely through a lens other than that of translatology or semiology, barely employing a duly systematic and fairly methodical approach to tackle with the research topic. Such research lines being theoretically and methodically incongruous with the theoretical scenario of this study have been abstained from being included in the present extended abstract. 

4. Methodology
In regard to the purpose of the present study and in pursuit of arriving at an adequate answer to the research questions posed above, methodology employed in the present research has been one based upon comparing and contrasting the texts of both Persian translations under study with that of the original work. Prior to beginning the text-exploration phase, it is to be stated that to maintain fairness and to avoid partiality in the process of translational criticism, the author of this article has rendered his own translation of “Salomé” in an attempt to gain first-hand knowledge of the semiological elements as they have been worked in the original text, hence not letting go of justness in critical judgement. In regard to the critical research questions addressed above, the sampling method has not been random and the data have been obtained in a purposive way by going through the source text and weighing the Persian translations against the original text. Spotting the translational flaws as such may duly explain the nature of major failings recognized in the translated texts. Collecting the research data via critical sampling has been carried out in a few phases: Firstly, the pro-translational reading of the English text and locating the textual items possessing an onomatological or semiological weight; secondly, the autonomous reading of each translation and at the same time referring to the original playscript to arrive at the points of critical incongruence; thirdly, the translato-semiological reviewing of the samples drawn with an eye to the research questions posed; fourthly, adopting a selection of the most telling examples out of the sampling collection so that a qualitative research of this kind can readily absorb; fifthly, evaluating  and analyzing the selected samples while giving special attention to the whatness and howness of the manipulations in translating the onomatological and semiological elements at work; what has eventually led to a state of inevitable distortion and detachment between the translated text and the original text on the one hand and its culturallingual context on the other. It is to be added that only those sampling-items that have most suggestively provided an explanatory answer to the research questions as such have been included in the ultimate article. Besides, although the translato-semiological analysis for each sampling-item could have accompanied by a proposed translation, this idea has been abandoned to avoid any speculative surmise on the part of the readers indicative of the authorial partiality.
5. Results
In this research, the focus has been on how certain semiotic and onomastic themes, namely symbolic vocabulary, proper names, and key lexical signs, are maintained in two Persian translations of the play "Salomé." Following that line, the study has examined how the connection between the translated texts under study and the overarching framework of the original context has been preserved from a translational semiological perspective. The findings of the present research, as evidenced by the examined samples, indicate that the original context in both translations has undergone a series of inappropriate semiotic alterations and manipulations. Both translations, by approaching the alienation of the literary context, exhibit a range of inappropriate manipulations in favor of domesticization of the original and translationally disqualify the work’s semiotic import to the detriment of the continuity between the translated text and its broader contextual framework. An evaluative study of the two Persian translations - by Abdollah Kowsari (2006) and Abolhassan Tahami (2019) - of Oscar Wilde's "Salomé" shows a disconnection between the semiotics of the translated text and the original context in terms of their linguistic, cultural, and historical ties. The approach to domestication and normativity is evident in both translations: Firstly, in the process of domesticizing the proper names as such and alienating their socio-cultural cultural significance, the onomatological items which serve as storytelling keywords which relate to the work’s chronological narrative; and secondly, in the manipulation of the work’s semiotics and de-semiotization of original cultural capital, the textual signs that evoke a revival of the original historico-geographical context in the translation as well.    
 

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Although it seems that two categories of robotic systems, the dynamic object manipulation and dynamic biped walking systems, are completely different to be dealt with at the first glance, we believe that there exists strong relationship between these two types of robotic systems. This paper studies the correlation of the dynamic biped walking and dynamic object manipulation in all areas (passive, underactuated and fully-actuated classes). In this regard, the virtual problem of "the amputee walking robot" is defined to describe the relationship between these two kinds of robotic systems. From this viewpoint, the problem of dynamic biped walking is a special case of dynamic manipulation of multibody objects in which the multibody object does have a structure similar to the structure of biped robots. In other words, we can say that the ground manipulates the biped robot which is considered as a multibody object. Then, the concept of correlation is investigated in three different classes of the problem: passive, underactuated, and fully-actuated systems. For each of three categories, appropriate examples are studied. It will be shown that the details of the walking problem could be extracted from the mother problem of dynamic manipulation of multibody objects in all its aspects.

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Hexapod walking robots can be employed for both walking and manipulation purposes. When manipulating, they have 6 degrees of freedom for top platform, high rigidity, high load capacity, high speed, and accuracy. On the other hand, it is very well known that they have limited workspace when they are fixed in place for manipulation. Designing a hexapod robot resulting in a maximized workspace can greatly affect the efficiency of the robot when manipulating. Since radially symmetric hexapod walking robots can be modeled as three 2-RPR planar parallel mechanisms, we have used the methods and calculations that used in this kind of mechanism for designing a radially symmetric hexapod walking robot. In this paper, after a thorough review on existing methods for calculating and improving 2-RPR planar parallel mechanism workspace, an algorithm is presented, which results in a maximized reachable workspace. The merit of the method is that there is no need to calculate the workspace volume when maximizing the workspace volume. Also, following this algorithm is necessary for design of the maximized-workspace robot. In other words, the output of the presented optimization algorithm is a set of robot kinematic parameters, which guarantees the maximized volume of the robot’s reachable workspace.

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In this paper, the modeling and simulation of manipulation of carbon nanoparticles have been investigated. The geometry plays a significant role in the dynamic behavior of nanoparticles manipulation and the evaluation of different geometric shapes of nanoparticles in this process is very important. To examine the geometry effects, the manipulation of a different kind of the nano-carbon allotropes has been studied. Furthermore, the manipulation of carbon nanotubes with different diameter has been simulated. For this purpose, the molecular dynamics method has been used to improve our knowledge and understanding about the nanomanipulation processes and dynamics. In the manipulation of carbon allotropes, the results indicated that more spherical allotrope Modes away, the easier manipulation process occurred and the forces on the probe have been reduced; this is due to the curvature of tip and nanoparticle. The results of nanotubes manipulation showed that increasing the diameter of the nanotube causes to increase the force on the probe. The indentation depth was extracted for each nanotube during the manipulation process. The results indicated that the indentation depth increases versus diameter increasing. According to the application of carbon-based structures and nanotubes as the drug carriers in medicine, such this simulation studies can reduce time and cost of experimental projects in this field.

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Nowadays, atomic force microscopy has widely attracted researchers’ attention in manufacturing of micro/nano equipment. For this purpose, the displacement and manipulation equations for micro/nano-particle are essential. Although surface forces such as friction and adhesion are ignorable in macro scale, increased surface to volume ratio in micro/nano scale makes them very important. Various friction models have been used for two-dimensional manipulation in previous works. In this paper, HK friction model has been used to model and simulate three dimensional manipulation dynamically in order to have closer results to real manipulation. For this purpose, the important friction models have been studied and developed to use in micro/nano scale. Then, three-dimensional manipulation equations have been obtained and stiffness coefficient matrix for beam is extracted and all these equations have been combined to calculate the critical force and time of manipulation. Finally, simulation of obtained equations was used to calculate the critical force and time values of the three-dimensional manipulation for gold particle using HK friction model. The results indicate that rolling starts around x-axis before y-axis, and sliding starts along y-axis before x-axis.

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Object grasping by robot fingers with purely rolling constraints is one of the most interested issues under consideration by many researchers. In earlier studies, the main goal is the manipulation of object under purely rolling constraints to reach the final stable configuration. In this paper, we addition to derive kinematic and dynamic equations of the system dual fingers robot and grasp semicircular object on the horizontal plane with rigid hemi spherical fingertips under pure rolling constrained, we investigate object manipulation on desired path with keeping dynamics stability. In this way, we use modified multiple impedance control for object manipulation and robot fingers by considering the required reforms in this control law. In method multiple impedance control is made by applying to the desired behavior of the entire system, including fingers and object, dynamics stability condition is satisfied. In this way power adjustment and that these forces arrive in the right place largely effective in minimizing slip is the fingers on the surface object. The results of simulations shows the eligible object manipulation and dynamics stability by fingers robot under pure rolling grasp.

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Nowadays, movement of micro/nano particles has been attracted considerable attention to manufacturing different devices in micro/nano scale and medical and biological applications. Atomic Force Microscope Probe is widely being used for precise small scale movements. During nano-manipulation, micro/nano particles can be moved to a desired destination with high accuracy using Atomic Force Microscope while in contact mode with precise probe control. In this article, by selecting a proper amount of torque applied to the probe tip, deviation from the center and movement of probe have been investigated to assure the contact between the probe and micro/nano particle. Different liquid environments (water, alcohol, and plasma) with different micro/nano particles including biological and non-biological have been used for this investigation. In addition, using sliding mode control, Atomic Force Microscope Probe was used in different environments such as water, alcohol, and plasma. Obtained results showed that the time needed to control different micro/nano particles in plasma was shorter than that of in water; also the time needed in water was shorter than that of in alcohol.

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To investigate the effects of drugs on viruses, interactions between proteins and inserting desirable genetic changes on DNA, precise study of biological cells is a necessary demand for nowadays. In this way, exploring mechanical properties of these particles and their mechanical behavior in different situations is needed; manipulation of bioparticles in nano scale is an important process for investigating nanoparticles behavior; because the amount of exerted force, deformation and investigating the damage possibility can provide useful information. In this paper, a molecular dynamics modeling of bioparticles nanomanipulation based on AFM has been done. Bioparticles include virus, protein and ssDNA. The main goal of this study is investigating the substrate effect on exerted force on the bioparticles and exploring damage possibility. Three types of substrates have been used, including silicon, graphene sheet and golden substrate. Widespread usage and low level interactions with other materials are the reasons of choosing these substrates. Results show that on gold substrate, the maximum manipulation force occurs and damage possibility is high. Also on graphene substrate manipulation force and deformation of particle are more than the silicon substrate.