In this paper, evaluation of cylindrical targets embedded in an elastic matrix is studied using resonance scattering theory (RST). For this purpose, the finite element simulation of ultrasonic wave scattering from the embedded cylinders propagated in elastic matrix is used for resonance ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS). To involve the frequency effects of measurement system, the modified short-pulse method of isolation and identification of resonances (MIIR) is employed to calculate the resonance modes and frequencies of the elastic target. To examine the validity of the proposed method the backscattered resonance spectrum for an embedded steel cylinder in an epoxy matrix is calculated and the numerical results are compared with the experimental and mathematical results. The FE-based resonance ultrasonic spectroscopy method is employed to investigate the behavior of far field backscattered resonance frequency spectrum for two embedded adjacent elastic cylinders. Using the proposed method to calculate the backscattered resonance spectrum from two embedded adjacent cylinders, it was shown that changing the center-to-center distance of adjacent cylindrical targets shifts the n=4 resonance frequency and changing the receiver position affect the n=3 and n=4 resonant mode frequencies.