Cyclic Energy Absorption and Shape Recovery of Fiber-Reinforced Re-Entrant Lattice Structures: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

Hosseini, Shahram; Farrokhabadi, Amin

doi:10.48311/mme.2025.116435.0

Cyclic Energy Absorption and Shape Recovery of Fiber-Reinforced Re-Entrant Lattice Structures: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

Shahram Hosseini

amin farrokhabadi

Mechanical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

10.48311/mme.2025.116435.0

چکیده

The development of lightweight architected lattices with superior energy absorption and recoverability is of great interest for protective systems and reusable structural components. This study investigates the mechanical performance of re-entrant auxetic lattices fabricated from pure PLA (PP) and glass-fiber-reinforced PLA composites (RP) produced via fused deposition modeling. Quasi-static compression tests were conducted to evaluate stiffness, specific energy absorption (SEA), mean crushing force, and crush force efficiency (CFE), while cyclic compression–recovery experiments assessed shape memory effects and reusability. The experimental findings were complemented by finite element simulations in ABAQUS/Explicit. Results indicate that RP structures exhibit higher stiffness, enhanced SEA, and superior CFE compared with PP counterparts, owing to improved load transfer and suppression of local buckling by reinforcing fibers. Although fiber–matrix debonding led to a temporary reduction in mean crushing force during the second cycle, RP specimens regained performance in subsequent cycles, highlighting their cyclic durability. Shape recovery tests further confirmed that RP lattices maintained higher efficiency and stability across multiple deformation–heating cycles compared with PP. The combined experimental and numerical analysis demonstrates that fiber reinforcement significantly enhances the energy absorption capability and reusability of auxetic SMP-based lattices, positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation crashworthy and impact-mitigation applications

کلیدواژه‌ها

Auxetic Lattices

Energy Absorption

Shape Memory Polymers

Fiber Reinforcement

Reusability

موضوعات

سازه های هوا فضا

عنوان مقاله English

Cyclic Energy Absorption and Shape Recovery of Fiber-Reinforced Re-Entrant Lattice Structures: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

نویسندگان English

Shahram Hosseini

amin farrokhabadi

Mechanical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده English

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Auxetic Lattices

Energy Absorption

Shape Memory Polymers

Fiber Reinforcement

Reusability

[1] Q. Zhang and Y. Sun, “Energy absorption characteristic of auxetic metamaterials honeycombs and lattices with negative thermal expansion,” Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 208, no. September 2024, p. 112824, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2024.112824.

[2] N. Bastola, J. Ma, and M. P. Jahan, “Enhancing mechanical and energy absorption properties of additively manufactured polyamide lattice structures through hybrid-structuring and strut reinforcement: a numerical and experimental study,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 136, no. 5, pp. 2397–2426, 2025, DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-14907-8.

[3] R. Das and G. S. Kumar, “Auxetic Honeycomb Lattice Structure in Thin Solids for Enhanced Energy Absorption: Innovative Two-Wheeler Helmet Design and Analysis,” Comput. Aided. Des. Appl., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1136–1148, 2024, DOI: 10.14733/cadaps.2024.1136-1148.

[4] E. Etemadi, M. Hosseinabadi, M. Taghizadeh, F. Scarpa, and H. Hu, “Enhancing the energy absorption capability of auxetic metamaterials through auxetic cells within re-entrant circular units,” Eng. Struct., vol. 315, no. June, p. 118379, 2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118379.

[5] A. Esmaeili, M. Karimi, M. Heidari-Rarani, and M. Shojaie, “A new design of star auxetic metastructure with enhanced energy-absorption under various loading rates: Experimental and numerical study,” Structures, vol. 63, no. April, pp. 2023–2024, 2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106457.

[6] J. Ma, H. Zhang, T. U. Lee, H. Lu, Y. M. Xie, and N. S. Ha, “Auxetic behavior and energy absorption characteristics of a lattice structure inspired by deep-sea sponge,” Compos. Struct., vol. 354, no. September 2024, p. 118835, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118835.

[7] W. J. Wang, W. M. Zhang, M. F. Guo, H. Yang, and L. Ma, “Impact resistance of assembled plate-lattice auxetic structures,” Compos. Struct., vol. 338, no. December 2023, 2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118132.

[8] H. Liu, F. Wang, W. Wu, X. Dong, and L. Sang, “4D printing of mechanically robust PLA/TPU/Fe3O4 magneto-responsive shape memory polymers for smart structures,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 248, no. August 2022, p. 110382, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110382.

[9] H. Yang, N. D’Ambrosio, P. Liu, D. Pasini, and L. Ma, “Shape memory mechanical metamaterials,” Mater. Today, vol. 66, no. June, pp. 36–49, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2023.04.003.

[10] L. Sang et al., “Reusability and energy absorption behavior of 4D-printed heterogeneous lattice structures based on biomass shape memory polyester,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 1563–1578, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.323.

[11] A. Li, A. Challapalli, and G. Li, “4D Printing of Recyclable Lightweight Architectures Using High Recovery Stress Shape Memory Polymer,” Scientific Reports, vol. 9, no. 1. 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44110-9.

[12] Y. Wu, Y. Han, Z. Wei, Y. Xie, J. Yin, and J. Qian, “4D Printing of Chiral Mechanical Metamaterials with Modular Programmability using Shape Memory Polymer,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 33, no. 52, pp. 1–2, 2023, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202306442.

[13] K. Yu, T. Xie, J. Leng, Y. Ding, and H. J. Qi, “Mechanisms of multi-shape memory effects and associated energy release in shape memory polymers,” Soft Matter, vol. 8, no. 20, pp. 5687–5695, 2012, DOI: 10.1039/c2sm25292a.

[14] K. Wang, G. Sun, J. Wang, S. Yao, M. Baghani, and Y. Peng, “Reversible energy absorbing behaviors of shape-memory thin-walled structures,” Eng. Struct., vol. 279, no. January, p. 115626, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115626.

[15] M. Keshavarzan, M. Kadkhodaei, and F. Forooghi, “An investigation into compressive responses of shape memory polymeric cellular lattice structures fabricated by vat polymerization additive manufacturing,” Polym. Test., vol. 91, no. August, p. 106832, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106832.

[16] S. Hosseini, A. Farrokhabadi, and D. Chronopoulos, “Experimental and numerical analysis of shape memory sinusoidal lattice structure: Optimization through fusing an artificial neural network to a genetic algorithm,” Compos. Struct., vol. 323, no. August, p. 117454, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117454.

[17] D. Pokras, Y. Schneider, S. Zaidi, and V. K. Viswanathan, “Shape Memory Polymers in 4D Printing: Investigating Multi-Material Lattice Structures,” Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, vol. 8, no. 4. 2024. DOI: 10.3390/jmmp8040154.

[18] A. Pirhaji, E. Jebellat, N. Roudbarian, K. Mohammadi, M. R. Movahhedy, and M. Asle Zaeem, “Large deformation of shape-memory polymer-based lattice metamaterials,” Int. J. Mech. Sci., vol. 232, p. 107593, Oct. 2022, DOI: 10.1016/J.IJMECSCI.2022.107593.

[19] C. Yan and G. Li, Design oriented constitutive modeling of amorphous shape memory polymers and Its application to multiple length scale lattice structures, vol. 28, no. 9. 2019. DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ab230c.

[20] N. Roudbarian, E. Jebellat, S. Famouri, M. Baniasadi, R. Hedayati, and M. Baghani, “Shape-memory polymer metamaterials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces,” Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids, vol. 96, no. May, p. 104676, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104676.

[21] K. Yu et al., “Healable, memorizable, and transformable lattice structures made of stiff polymers,” NPG Asia Mater., vol. 12, no. 1, 2020, DOI: 10.1038/s41427-020-0208-9.

[22] L. Wang, F. Zhang, Y. Liu, and J. Leng, “Shape Memory Polymer Fibers: Materials, Structures, and Applications,” Adv. Fiber Mater., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 5–23, 2022, DOI: 10.1007/s42765-021-00073-z.

[23] H. Gharehbaghi, M. Jamshidi, and A. Almomani, “Experimental and numerical investigation of energy absorption in honeycomb structures based on lozenge grid unit cells under various loading angles,” Compos. Part C Open Access, vol. 15, no. November, p. 100546, 2024, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100546.

[24] E. Hosseinpour, A. Moazemi, and F. Morshedsolouk, “Numerical and experimental study on the energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled auxetic cylindrical tubes with varying porosity,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 39, no. September, pp. 400–417, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.135.

[25] W. Zhu et al., “Design and crashworthiness behaviors of novel 3D printed cutting-type energy-absorbing composite structures,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 6494, 2025, DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2025.2476207.

[26] S. Mohammadi Ghalehney, M. H. Sadeghi, and H. Gharehbaghi, “Mechanical Properties of 2D Re-Entrant Gradient Structures Produced by Additive Manufacturing,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. - Trans. Mech. Eng., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1395–1404, 2024, DOI: 10.1007/s40997-023-00724-z.

[27] S. Mohammadi Ghalehney, M. H. Sadeghi, H. Barati, and H. Gharehbaghi, “Enhancing auxetic gradient structures for hip joint implants to optimize stress shielding reduction,” Phys. Scr., vol. 99, no. 11, 2024, DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad818e.

[28] F. Ghorbani, H. Gharehbaghi, A. Farrokhabadi, and A. Bolouri, “Investigation of the equivalent mechanical properties of the bone-inspired composite cellular structure: Analytical, numerical and experimental approaches,” Compos. Struct., vol. 309, no. September 2024, pp. 2024–2025, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116720.

[29] A. Farrokhabadi, H. Gharehbaghi, H. Malekinejad, M. Sebghatollahi, Z. Noroozi, and H. Veisi, “Study of Equivalent Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Composite Honeycomb Structures,” Int. J. Appl. Mech., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1–2, 2023, DOI: 10.1142/S1758825123500382.

[30] M. Avarzamani, H. Gharehbaghi, M. Bahrami, A. Farrokhabadi, A. H. Behravesh, and S. K. Hedayati, “Energy absorption response of functionally graded 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite cellular structures: Experimental and numerical approaches,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 538–554, 2025, DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2024.2352036.

[31] H. Gharehbaghi, A. M. Shojaei, M. Sadeghzadeh, and A. Farrokhabadi, “Residual stiffness and strength analysis of fatigue behavior in a 3D-printed honeycomb structure of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite,” Compos. Part C Open Access, vol. 16, no. December 2024, p. 100552, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100552.

[32] H. Gharehbaghi and A. Farrokhabadi, “Analytical, experimental, and numerical evaluation of mechanical properties of a new unit cell with hyperbolic shear deformable beam theory,” Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., vol. 31, no. 25, pp. 6419–6433, 2024, DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2023.2231441.

[33] Y. Jeong, H. Kim, J. Kim, J. Kim, S. Kim, and J. Lee, “Results in Engineering Evaluation of mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced composites depending on length and structural anisotropy,” Results Eng., vol. 17, no. February, p. 101000, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101000.