Modares Mechanical Engineering

Modares Mechanical Engineering

A Comprehensive Review of Catalytic Supports in Methane Combustion

Document Type : Systematic Review

Authors
Reza Keshavarzi 1
Mohammadmehdi Namazi 2
Sayyedmostafa Hosseinalipour 1
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
10.48311/mme.2026.118432.82916
Abstract
With the growing demand for low-carbon alternative fuels, natural gas (primarily methane) has emerged as a clean and reliable option. Catalytic combustion of methane, due to its occurrence at lower temperatures and significant reduction in pollutants such as NOx and CO, serves as an efficient alternative to conventional thermal combustion. This article provides a targeted review of heterogeneous catalytic supports used in this process. Initially, common supports, including carbon-based and ceramic-based materials, were systematically examined. The primary focus was on gamma-alumina as the most widely used industrial support, which, despite its high specific surface area and suitable stability, undergoes sintering, loss of surface area, and phase transition from γ to α at elevated temperatures, severely impairing catalyst performance. Deactivation factors and their mechanisms were analyzed, with impurity doping identified as the most effective strategy for enhancing thermal stability, preserving porosity, and delaying phase transition. Numerous studies demonstrate that targeted impurity doping not only increases the thermal stability of gamma-alumina beyond 1200 °C but also, by maintaining specific surface area and porous structure, enables the design of industrial catalysts with more stable performance and extended lifespan in the complete catalytic combustion of methane.
Keywords
Catalyst
Catalyst Support
Catalyst Deactivation
Alumina
Methane Combustion

Subjects

[1]          R. Abbasi, G. Huang, G. M. Istratescu, L. Wu, and R. E. Hayes, “Methane oxidation over Pt, Pt:Pd, and Pd based catalysts: Effects of pre‐treatment,” Can J Chem Eng, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 1474–1482, Aug. 2015, doi:10.1002/cjce.22229.
[2]          R. Litto et al., “Optimization of a flow reversal reactor for the catalytic combustion of lean methane mixtures,” Catalysis Today, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 536–542, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.06.013.
[3]          J. Chen, H. Arandiyan, X. Gao, and J. Li, “Recent Advances in Catalysts for Methane Combustion,” Catal Surv Asia, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 140–171, Sept. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10563-015-9191-5.
[4]          L. He and Y. Fan, “A review on catalytic methane combustion at low temperatures: Catalysts, mechanisms, reaction conditions and reactor designs,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2020, doi: doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109589.
[5]          P. Adibi, “THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In situ Studies of Platinum Catalyst Sintering,” 2016. Accessed: Sept. 23, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org
[6]          G. Moradi, Heterogeneous catalysts. Journals of Razi University, 1392. Accessed: Dec. 25, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://press.razi.ac.ir/book_194.html
[7]          D. Nasrallah M, “Sintering process and catalysis,” Int J Nanomater Nanotechnol Nanomed, pp. 001–003, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.17352/2455-3492.000023.
[8]          F. Zaera, “The surface chemistry of heterogeneous catalysis: Mechanisms, selectivity, and active sites,” The Chemical Record, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 133–144, Jan. 2005, doi: 10.1002/tcr.20040.
[9]          R. J. Farrauto, L. Dorazio, and C. H. Bartholomew, Introduction to catalysis and industrial catalytic processes. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016.
[10]        P. Munnik, P. E. De Jongh, and K. P. De Jong, “Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Supported Catalysts,” Chem. Rev., vol. 115, no. 14, pp. 6687–6718, July 2015, doi: 10.1021/cr500486u.
[11]        B. A. T. Mehrabadi, S. Eskandari, U. Khan, R. D. White, and J. R. Regalbuto, “A Review of Preparation Methods for Supported Metal Catalysts,” in Advances in Catalysis, vol. 61, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 1–35. doi: 10.1016/bs.acat.2017.10.001.
[12]        Y. Yürüm, A. Taralp, and T. N. Veziroglu, “Storage of hydrogen in nanostructured carbon materials,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 3784–3798, May 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.001.
[13]        Y. Yang, K. Chiang, and N. Burke, “Porous carbon-supported catalysts for energy and environmental applications: A short review,” Catalysis Today, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 197–205, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.08.028.
[14]        H.-F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Pang, S. Kaskel, and Q. Xu, “MOF-derived electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1414–1448, 2020, doi: 10.1039/C9CS00906J.
[15]        S. Ott et al., “Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells,” Nat. Mater., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 77–85, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0487-0.
[16]        M. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Sun, X. Zhao, and Y. Wan, “Metal and Metal Oxide Supported on Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Heterogeneous Catalysts,” ACS Catal., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 4060–4090, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05894.
[17]        H. Jüntgen, “Activated carbon as catalyst support: A review of new research results,” Fuel, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1436–1446, Oct. 1986, doi: 10.1016/0016-2361(86)90120-1.
[18]        A. Guha, W. Lu, T. A. Zawodzinski, and D. A. Schiraldi, “Surface-modified carbons as platinum catalyst support for PEM fuel cells,” Carbon, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1506–1517, June 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.023.
[19]        E. Antolini, “Carbon supports for low-temperature fuel cell catalysts,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 88, no. 1–2, pp. 1–24, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.030.
[20]        D. Richard, P. Gallezot, D. Neibecker, and I. Tkatchenko, “Characterization and selectivity in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation of graphite-supported platinum catalysts prepared from a zero-valent platinum complex,” Catalysis Today, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 171–179, Oct. 1989, doi: 10.1016/0920-5861(89)85020-5.
[21]        K.-W. Park, Y.-E. Sung, S. Han, Y. Yun, and T. Hyeon, “Origin of the Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Carbon Nanocoil-Supported PtRu Alloy Electrocatalysts,” J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 939–944, Jan. 2004, doi: 10.1021/jp0368031.
[22]        M. A. Fraga, E. Jordão, M. J. Mendes, M. M. A. Freitas, J. L. Faria, and J. L. Figueiredo, “Properties of Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts: Role of Carbon Surface Sites,” Journal of Catalysis, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 355–364, July 2002, doi: 10.1006/jcat.2002.3637.
[23]        M. Uchida, Y. Aoyama, M. Tanabe, N. Yanagihara, N. Eda, and A. Ohta, “Influences of Both Carbon Supports and Heat‐Treatment of Supported Catalyst on Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 142, no. 8, pp. 2572–2576, Aug. 1995, doi: 10.1149/1.2050055.
[24]        D. S. Cameron, S. J. Cooper, I. L. Dodgson, B. Harrison, and J. W. Jenkins, “Carbons as supports for precious metal catalysts,” Catalysis Today, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 113–137, Apr. 1990, doi: 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85012-D.
[25]        C. Jia, Z. Xu, D. Luo, H. Xiang, and M. Zhu, “Flexible Ceramic Fibers: Recent Development in Preparation and Application,” Adv. Fiber Mater., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 573–603, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s42765-022-00133-y.
[26]        S. Bagheri, N. Muhd Julkapli, and S. Bee Abd Hamid, “Titanium Dioxide as a Catalyst Support in Heterogeneous Catalysis,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, pp. 1–21, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/727496.
[27]        J. Xu, K. Li, W. Shi, R. Li, and T. Peng, “Rice-like brookite titania as an efficient scattering layer for nanosized anatase titania film-based dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 260, pp. 233–242, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.092.
[28]        S. Bagheri, K. Shameli, and S. B. Abd Hamid, “Synthesis and Characterization of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Egg White Solution via Sol‐Gel Method,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 848205, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/848205.
[29]        H. Kominami et al., “Novel synthesis of microcrystalline titanium(IV) oxide having high    thermal stability and ultra-high photocatalytic activity: thermal decomposition    of titanium(IV) alkoxide in organic solvents”.
[30]        P. Verma, Y. Kuwahara, K. Mori, R. Raja, and H. Yamashita, “Functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica: recent trends and catalytic applications,” Nanoscale, vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 11333–11363, 2020, doi: 10.1039/D0NR00732C.
[31]        P. S. Shinde et al., “A Brief Overview of Recent Progress in Porous Silica as Catalyst Supports,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 5, no. 3, p. 75, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/jcs5030075.
[32]        R. Narayan, U. Y. Nayak, A. M. Raichur, and S. Garg, “Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 118, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030118.
[33]        A. Martins, N. Nunes, A. P. Carvalho, and L. M. D. R. S. Martins, “Zeolites and Related Materials as Catalyst Supports for Hydrocarbon Oxidation Reactions,” Catalysts, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 154, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/catal12020154.
[34]        P. A. Jacobs, E. M. Flanigen, J. C. Jansen, and H. van Bekkum, Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice. Elsevier, 2001.
[35]        M. Shamzhy, M. Opanasenko, P. Concepción, and A. Martínez, “New trends in tailoring active sites in zeolite-based catalysts,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1095–1149, 2019, doi: 10.1039/C8CS00887F.
[36]        A. Kumbhar, “Palladium Catalyst Supported on Zeolite for Cross-coupling Reactions: An Overview of Recent Advances,” Top Curr Chem (Z), vol. 375, no. 1, p. 2, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s41061-016-0084-5.
[37]        Q. Sun, N. Wang, and J. Yu, “Advances in Catalytic Applications of Zeolite‐Supported Metal Catalysts,” Advanced Materials, vol. 33, no. 51, p. 2104442, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1002/adma.202104442.
[38]        Y. Wang, C. Wang, L. Wang, L. Wang, and F.-S. Xiao, “Zeolite Fixed Metal Nanoparticles: New Perspective in Catalysis,” Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 2579–2590, June 2021, doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00074.
[39]        B. Smit and T. L. M. Maesen, “Molecular Simulations of Zeolites: Adsorption, Diffusion, and Shape Selectivity,” Chem. Rev., vol. 108, no. 10, pp. 4125–4184, Oct. 2008, doi: 10.1021/cr8002642.
[40]        J. Tao et al., “Methane Combustion over Zeolite-Supported Palladium-Based Catalysts,” Catalysts, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 1251, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/catal13091251.
[41]        H. Hosseiniamoli, A. Setiawan, A. A. Adesina, E. M. Kennedy, and M. Stockenhuber, “The stability of Pd/TS-1 and Pd/silicalite-1 for catalytic oxidation of methane – understanding the role of titanium,” Catal. Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1193–1204, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1039/C9CY01579E.
[42]        X. Tan and S. B. Hong, “A highly active and stable palladium zeolite catalyst for wet methane combustion,” Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, vol. 361, p. 124562, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124562.
[43]        Y. Zhang et al., “Catalytic performance of Pd catalyst supported on CeO2 or ZrO2 modified beta zeolite for methane oxidation,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 152, pp. 248–261, June 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.05.005.
[44]        “Ceramic and glass materials: structure, properties and processing,” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 46, no. 03, pp. 46-1502-46–1502, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.5860/CHOICE.46-1502.
[45]        K. Kaunisto et al., “Evolution of alumina phase structure in thermal plasma processing,” Ceramics International, vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 21346–21354, July 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.263.
[46]        G. Busca, “The surface of transitional aluminas: A critical review,” Catalysis Today, vol. 226, pp. 2–13, May 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.08.003.
[47]        M. Trueba and S. P. Trasatti, “γ‐Alumina as a Support for Catalysts: A Review of Fundamental Aspects,” Eur J Inorg Chem, vol. 2005, no. 17, pp. 3393–3403, Sept. 2005, doi: 10.1002/ejic.200500348.
[48]        S. Matsuda and A. Kato, “Titanium oxide based catalysts - a review,” Applied Catalysis, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 149–165, Nov. 1983, doi: 10.1016/0166-9834(83)80076-1.
[49]        P. Araya, S. Guerrero, J. Robertson, and F. J. Gracia, “Methane combustion over Pd/SiO2 catalysts with different degrees of hydrophobicity,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 283, no. 1–2, pp. 225–233, Apr. 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2005.01.009.
[50]        H. Yoshida, T. Nakajima, Y. Yazawa, and T. Hattori, “Support effect on methane combustion over palladium catalysts,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 71, no. 1–2, pp. 70–79, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.08.010.
[51]        J. B. Miller, “Pd catalysts for total oxidation of methane: Support effects,” 2015.
[52]        M. Zanoletti, F. Godard, and M. Perrier, “Effect of support on the apparent activity of palladium oxide in catalytic methane combustion,” Can J Chem Eng, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 2205–2213, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1002/cjce.23734.
[53]        M. Argyle and C. Bartholomew, “Heterogeneous Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration: A Review,” Catalysts, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 145–269, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.3390/catal5010145.
[54]        X. Gao, Z. Wang, J. Ashok, and S. Kawi, “A comprehensive review of anti-coking, anti-poisoning and anti-sintering catalysts for biomass tar reforming reaction,” Chemical Engineering Science: X, vol. 7, p. 100065, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100065.
[55]        P. Marécot, A. Fakche, B. Kellali, G. Mabilon, P. Prigent, and J. Barbier, “Propane and propene oxidation over platinum and palladium on alumina: Effects of chloride and water,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 283–294, May 1994, doi: 10.1016/0926-3373(94)00003-4.
[56]        A. F. Ahlström-Silversand and C. U. I. Odenbrand, “Combustion of methane over a Pd-Al2O3- SiO2 catalyst, catalyst activity and stability,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 157–175, May 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(96)00328-6.
[57]        P. Gélin, L. Urfels, M. Primet, and E. Tena, “Complete oxidation of methane at low temperature over Pt and Pd catalysts for the abatement of lean-burn natural gas fuelled vehicles emissions: influence of water and sulphur containing compounds,” Catalysis Today, 2003.
[58]        P. Auvinen et al., “Effects of NO and NO2 on fresh and SO2 poisoned methane oxidation catalyst – Harmful or beneficial?,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 417, p. 128050, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128050.
[59]        X. Li, X. Wang, K. Roy, J. A. Van Bokhoven, and L. Artiglia, “Role of Water on the Structure of Palladium for Complete Oxidation of Methane,” ACS Catal., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 5783–5792, May 2020, doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01069.
[60]        B. Delmon, “Solid state reactions in catalysts: An approach to real active systems and their deactivation,” in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol. 111, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 39–51. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2991(97)80140-1.
[61]        Y. Dai, P. Lu, Z. Cao, C. T. Campbell, and Y. Xia, “The physical chemistry and materials science behind sinter-resistant catalysts,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 4314–4331, 2018, doi: 10.1039/C7CS00650K.
[62]        T. W. Hansen, A. T. DeLaRiva, S. R. Challa, and A. K. Datye, “Sintering of Catalytic Nanoparticles: Particle Migration or Ostwald Ripening?,” Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1720–1730, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1021/ar3002427.
[63]        “Sabatier principle of metal-support interaction for design of ultrastable metal nanocatalysts | Science.” Accessed: Oct. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.science.org/doi:10.1126/science.abi9828
[64]        Z. Luo, G. Zhao, H. Pan, and W. Sun, “Strong Metal–Support Interaction in Heterogeneous Catalysts,” Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 12, no. 37, p. 2201395, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1002/aenm.202201395.
[65]        R. Qiu, W. Wang, Z. Wang, and H. Wang, “Advancement of modification engineering in lean methane combustion catalysts based on defect chemistry,” Catal. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 2566–2584, 2023, doi: 10.1039/D3CY00087G.
[66]        Y. Shen et al., “Boosting Toluene Combustion by Engineering Co–O Strength in Cobalt Oxide Catalysts,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 16, pp. 10342–10350, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02680.
[67]        Y. Shu et al., “A Principle for Highly Active Metal Oxide Catalysts via NaCl-Based Solid Solution,” Chem, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1723–1741, July 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.04.003.
[68]        S. Yoo, E. W. Lee, and D. H. Kim, “Methane combustion over mesoporous cobalt oxide catalysts: Effects of acid treatment,” Molecular Catalysis, vol. 511, p. 111728, July 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111728.
[69]        S. Wang, J. Zhu, S. A. C. Carabineiro, P. Xiao, and Y. Zhu, “Selective etching of in-situ formed La2O3 particles to prepare porous LaCoO3 perovskite for catalytic combustion of ethyl acetate,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 635, p. 118554, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2022.118554.
[70]        W. J. Smothers and H. J. Reynolds, “Sintering and Grain Growth of Alumina,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 588–595, Dec. 1954, doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1954.tb13993.x.
[71]        P. Burtin, J. P. Brunelle, M. Pijolat, and M. Soustelle, “Influence of surface area and additives on the thermal stability of transition alumina catalyst supports. II: Kinetic model and interpretation,” Applied Catalysis, vol. 34, pp. 239–254, Jan. 1987, doi: 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)82459-8.
[72]        L. L. Murrell, N. C. Dispenziere, and K. S. Kim, “Dispersion of bulk silica onto alumina to form a dispersed, surface phase oxide structure,” Catal Lett, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 263–271, Sept. 1989, doi: 10.1007/BF00770223.
[73]        M. Johnson, “Surface area stability of aluminas,” Journal of Catalysis, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 245–259, May 1990, doi: 10.1016/0021-9517(90)90173-H.
[74]        L. A. Xue and I. Chen, “Influence of additives on the γ-to-α transformation of alumina,” J Mater Sci Lett, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 443–445, Jan. 1992, doi: 10.1007/BF00731098.
[75]        H. Arai and M. Machida, “Thermal stabilization of catalyst supports and their application to high-temperature catalytic combustion,” Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 161–176, May 1996, doi: 10.1016/0926-860X(95)00294-4.
[76]        Y. Saito, T. Takei, S. Hayashi, A. Yasumori, and K. Okada, “Effects of Amorphous and Crystalline SiO 2 Additives on γ‐Al 2 O 3 ‐to‐alpha‐Al 2 O 3 Phase Transitions,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 2197–2200, Aug. 1998, doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02608.x.
[77]        K. Okada, A. Hattori, T. Taniguchi, A. Nukui, and R. N. Das, “Effect of Divalent Cation Additives on the γ‐Al 2 O 3 ‐to‐α‐Al 2 O 3 Phase Transition,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 928–932, Apr. 2000, doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01296.x.
[78]        K. Okada, A. Hattori, Y. Kameshima, A. Yasumori, and R. N. Das, “Effect of Monovalent Cation Additives on the γ‐Al 2 O 3 ‐to‐α‐Al 2 O 3 Phase Transition,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1233–1236, May 2000, doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01359.x.
[79]        H. J. Kim, T. G. Kim, J. J. Kim, S. S. Park, S. S. Hong, and G. D. Lee, “Influences of precursor and additive on the morphology of nanocrystalline α-alumina,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 69, no. 5–6, pp. 1521–1524, May 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.10.024.
[80]        Z. Zhao, X. Shen, H. Yao, J. Wang, J. Chen, and Z. Li, “Alumina nanofibers obtained via electrospinning of pseudo-boehmite sol/PVP solution,” J Sol-Gel Sci Technol, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 72–80, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10971-014-3276-x.
[81]        M. K. Mardkhe, B. Huang, C. H. Bartholomew, T. M. Alam, and B. F. Woodfield, “Synthesis and characterization of silica doped alumina catalyst support with superior thermal stability and unique pore properties,” J Porous Mater, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 475–487, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s10934-015-0101-z.
[82]        J. J. Calvin, M. Asplund, Y. Zhang, B. Huang, and B. F. Woodfield, “Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of boehmite (AlOOH) and silica-doped boehmite,” The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, vol. 118, pp. 338–345, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jct.2017.10.009.
[83]        Y. Zhang, B. Huang, M. K. Mardkhe, and B. F. Woodfield, “Thermal and hydrothermal stability of pure and silica-doped mesoporous aluminas,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 284, pp. 60–68, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.04.005.
[84]        J. Su et al., “Effect of composite additives on phase transition and dispersibility of α-Al2O3,” Ceramics International, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 9771–9778, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.117.
[85]        Q. Liu et al., “Effects of SiO 2 Addition on Phase Transition and Microstructure Evolution of Alumina Fibers Prepared Using the Sol-Gel Method,” Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 68–75, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1080/0371750X.2022.2064920.
[86]        S. Shabani, S. M. Mirkazemi, H. Rezaie, Y. Vahidshad, and S. Trasatti, “A comparative study on the thermal stability, textural, and structural properties of mesostructured γ-Al2O3 granules in the presence of La, Sn, and B additives,” Ceramics International, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 6638–6648, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.11.213.
[87]        S. H. E. N. Ya-Qiang, L. I. Dong-Yun, X. U. Yang, G. E. Hong-Liang, X. U. Qiang, and Y. A. N. G. Hui, “Influence mechanism of halide additives on phase conversion, morphology, and purity of alumina powders prepared by solid-phase calcination method,” Ceramics International, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 8403–8408, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.047.
[88]        S. Peng et al., “Influence of carrier effect on Pd/Al2O3 for methane complete catalytic oxidation,” Front. Chem., vol. 10, p. 978698, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.978698.
[89]        C. Qian, K. Hu, Z. Shen, Q. Wang, P. Li, and Z. Lu, “Effect of sintering aids on mechanical properties and microstructure of alumina ceramic via stereolithography,” Ceramics International, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 17506–17523, June 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.02.118.
[90]        S. Shabani, S. M. Mirkazemi, H. Rezaie, Y. Vahidshad, S. Trasatti, and F. Bossola, “Improving thermal stability and textural properties of mesoporous γ-alumina granules by Zr-La dopants,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 938, p. 168491, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168491.
[91]        W. Wang et al., “Ammonia decomposition over La-doped Al2O3 supported Co catalyst,” Ceramics International, vol. 50, no. 19, pp. 36604–36614, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.049.
[92]        S. Schardt, F. Ehrlich, and P. Lott, “Autothermal Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Pt/Al2O3 Catalysts Doped with Rare Earth Oxides,” Chemie Ingenieur Technik, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 840–849, June 2024, doi: 10.1002/cite.202300165.
[93]        S. Li, Y. Zhao, W. Wang, M. Zhao, J. Wang, and Y. Chen, “Synthesis of stable CeO2-ZrO2/Al2O3 material with abundant oxygen vacancies for Pd-only three-way catalyst through two synergistic lanthanum doping processes,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 359, p. 130677, June 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.130677.
[94]        W. Wang et al., “Boosting the three-way catalytic reactions on Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst: The superior lanthanum-doping strategy,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 363, p. 132294, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.132294.
 
 
 
Modares Mechanical Engineering
Volume 26, Issue 5
April 2026
Pages 345-381